MEDIA VIOLENCE Essay - 1374 Words

There’s no escaping it! We can’t run or hide from it because no matter where we go it’ll find us. We’re trapped! And the worst part of this scenario is that we’re addicted to it. Violence is everywhere and we all have an addiction for it. We’re exposed to it in everyday and we love to watch violence on television. There are many different representations of violence evident in movies and Television. Media violence can best be described in the words of Gerbner and Signorelli: â€Å"Most research studies have defined media violence as the depiction of overt physical action that hurts or kills or threatens to do so... It depicts social relationships that force to control, dominate, provoke, or annihilate. By demonstrating who can get away with†¦show more content†¦It is evident that there is an effect that seeing violence, even if it is fake violence, that leads people to express themselves differently whether it is excitement, resent , or to be afraid of the scene (Berger 147). Here, I was inspired to create this part through a quote from Diane Brook’s article, Rape on Soaps: The Legal Angle. She stated that: â€Å"Perhaps it is not good to â€Å"scare† a woman into submission by visualizing the horrors of sexual violence, but it suggests reason to open discussion and face-to-face encounters with victims† (Fineman and McCluskey 117). Essentially this quote is commenting that the viewer is forced to see in the perspective of the victim or female regardless of their gender. Like TV programs I wanted the viewer to see this piece as through a different perspective in order to recognize the violence inflicted on women. The scenes in the bottom right corner are representations of rape. Rape is a common theme that is easily depicted on shows such as CSI and Criminal Minds. I had to represent this aspect in my drawing because not only am I against rape but the vast majority of scenes in television are often representing women being victimized. According to Brooks, rape that appears in soap operas or crime shows usually do not appear as an issue but rather it adds to melodramatise the situation (Fineman and McCluskey 109). She continues to state that: â€Å"It provides a required base of â€Å"realism† that is demanded by contemporary TVShow MoreRelatedMedia Violence And The Media Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesExposure to the media violence may be especially problematic in late adolescence. Television and other media play a major role in adolescent socialization and identity development by providing perspectives, values, ideologies, and behavior models (Arnett G., Roberts D. et al.). The socia lizing role of television in particular may be ampliï ¬ ed by the large amount of time young people spend with this medium. Speciï ¬ cally, 18- to 24-year-olds spend more time watching television and movies than youngerRead MoreMedia Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pagesat looking at the potentially harmful effects of the consumption of violent media and the impact it has on psychological factors. Two psychological factors that have been researched are empathy and aggression and how violent media influences these two emotions. Theories that have tried explaining the pathway from the viewing of violence in media and the impact on aggression have generally focused on the role of violent media being used by consumers as observational learning and promoting the developmentRead MoreMedia Violence and Violence in Society1059 Words   |  4 Pagesprogramming contains some violence, there should be more and more violent crime after television is available† (Freedman). Many suggest the violence in media is causing violence in society but then how is it that violent crimes are actually decreasing in the United States. The violence that is occurring is actually due from the mentally ill, poor parenting, and the location of where one lives in society. Violence has actually decreased over the decades even though media has more violence than ever beforeRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence In The Media1212 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction With the recent increase in media presence throughout the world, there has also been an increase in violence portrayed through the media. Media violence is believed to be causing aggression in today’s youth and society. This paper will examine the potential reasons on how media violence is causing aggression Review of Literature In a study conducted, media psychologists, mass communication scientists, pediatricians, and parents all completed an anonymous online survey that asked whetherRead MoreViolence in Mass Media594 Words   |  2 PagesViolence in Mass Media Violence is everywhere and in everything from what we see to what we hear. Today’s society has become acquainted with the violence in video games, tv shows, movies, and music since it is everywhere but many have become too attached to this violence and brought it to real life. Many assume that getting rid of this violence is essential to a more passive and peaceful society but there are more benefits to the portail of violence that society sees today. One of the key itemsRead MoreMedia, Violence, And Violence Essay1892 Words   |  8 Pageswould be the media. Media and violence are both very wide and broad concepts that have massive impacts in our society, and it is important to distinguish their relationship with each other. The types of media are things such as violent video games, films, newspapers, magazines and television. One particular type of media that is often very problematized is violent video games. Different studies have shown convincing and unconvincing correlational in regards to the media and violence, but to whomRead MoreMedia, Violence, And Violence Essay1949 Words   |  8 Pageswould be the media. Media and violence are both very wide and broad concepts that have massive impacts in our society, and it is important to distinguish their relationship with each other. The types of media are things such as violent video games, films, newspapers, magazines and television. One particular type of media that is ofte n very problematized is violent video games. Different studies have shown convincing and unconvincing correlational in regards to the media and violence, but to whomRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Behavioral Violence916 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Media Violence on Behavioral Violence in Young Adults in America The influence of mass media has progressively increased in American society, but can the media have effects beyond mere entertainment and impartial information? American culture has become saturated with online news reports, social media, and media entertainment. Technology has become a major factor in America’s social environment. Much of the information gained from digital sources involves or portrays violence, and manyRead MoreMedia Violence And Its Effects1057 Words   |  5 Pages Media violence exposure has been investigated as a risk factor for aggression behavior for years. The impact of exposure to violence in the media the long term development and short term development of aggressive behavior has been documented. Aggression is caused by several factors, of which media violence is one. Research investigating the effects of media violence in conjunction with other predictors of aggression such as; environmental factors and dysfunction within the family household,Read MoreThe Effects Of Violence On The Media1550 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of violence in the media is a big controversy; some say it affects are society and others say that there is not any proof of this. There are many theories on how violence in media does, and how it does not, affect our society. Many people claim watching television or even playing video games will affect children’s or young adults’ minds. Researches claim that they found no evidence of change in aggr essiveness in children or young adults while playing video games. Researchers allowed children

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1094 Words

The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, is a play about the Salem witch hunt trials. Accusations of witchcraft made by townspeople against their neighbors led to confessions, by the accused, in order to save their own lives. As a result, hysteria ensued because the townspeople were suspicious of one another. Miller tried to point out the similarity between the fear during the Salem witch trials and the fear of communism in the 1950’s. John McCarthy, a politician, falsely accused government officials of supporting communism and, as a result, American citizens became afraid that communism was corrupting the US government. Both events were characterized by hysteria. Abigail Williams, a townsperson in The Crucible, contributes to the spread of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Parris: But if you trafficked with spirits in the forest I must know it now, for surely my enemies will, and they will ruin me with it. Abigail: But we never conjured spirits† (1.6). Once again, Abi gail deceives Parris in order to look good. Lastly, in a desperate attempt to save her reputation, she accuses Tituba of forcing her to perform witchcraft, which is dishonest because Abigail willingly participated in it. â€Å" Hale: Why are you concealing? Have you sold yourself to Lucifer? Abigail: I never sold myself! I’m a good girl! I’m a proper girl! Mrs. Putnam enters with Tituba, and instantly Abigail points at Tituba. Abigail: She made me do it! She made Betty do it† (1.29). Abigail blames Tituba in order to cover her own questionable actions. Overall, Abigail’s lies create hysteria, not only in herself, but also in the group of girls that fear being found out. Additionally, Abigail Williams spreads hysteria in order to gain power and leverage over the people of Salem. At first, she threatened her friends. â€Å"Abigail: Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnam’s dead sisters. And that is all. And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it† (1.13). Because Abigail feared being found out, she bluffed when

In most plays, two characters move the play from b Essay Example For Students

In most plays, two characters move the play from b Essay eginning to end. One is the protagonist, the other is the antagonist. The protagonistnormally considered the good guy and the antagonist is the bad guy. InAntigone it is hard to see which is which. In most stories, such asCinderella, the name of the play or story is the protagonist, but inAntigone, the supposed antagonist Creon, the King of Thebes, could alsobe considered a protagonist. According to the definition of protagonist, Antigone would definetlyseem to be the protagonist. Her actions form the plot of the play. Shedecides to bury her dead brother, against Creons edict. After thesoldiers of Thebes unbury him, Antigone goes and buries him again. Whenshe is caught, she is taken to Creon and he sentences her to death. Then,to get at Creon even more, she commits suicide while on death row. She isvery stubborn and stands up for her beliefs, which is very admirable. Creon is a very strict character. His actions can only follow thoseof Antigones, so he cant be a traditional protagonist. However, the wayhis actions flow they also make Creon fit as the protagonist in Antigone. After Antigone is captured, the play focuses on Creon. He boasts abouthis decisions to the chorus. He argues with Tiresias about his leadershipabilities and Tiresias forces him to realize he was in the wrong. Not only does Creon have too much pride, but he is stubborn likeAntigone. He doesnt want to admit he is wrong, so he makes the samemistakes over again. He could have pardoned Antigone or reversed his edictafter is point was made, but he did not. Maybe he does not believe itcould be possible for a King to make such mistakes, or maybe he has justbeen King so long that he has developed a large ego and is unaware of hisown mortality. Either way, his pride and stubbornness reflect in almostevery action Creon makes throughout the play. Creon overgoes a full change in the play, unlike Antigone. At thebeginning, Creon does not want Polyneices buried, even though it is againstthe law of the gods that all bodies must have a proper burial for the soulto enter the underworld. After speaking with Tiresias that this withinitself was a mistake, and her sentence to Antigone was also wrong.Therealization of this conflicts with Creons stubbornness and pride, but heovercomes his flaws by admitting his mistakes and trying to correct them. Unfortunately, Antigones plan to hinder Creon work all too well, and evenhis good intentions fail to produce the wanted result. In addition,Creons wife and son commit suicide. His realization is now complete, andnow he has loss to accompany it. Antigone, on the other hand, never fully realizes her mistakes. Sheis stubborn and to some extent proud, but does not renounce these glitches. One reason may be that they really are not flaws in this play. Herstubbornness leads to her capture and her death, but if her death is whatbrought Creon to the self-realization, then it is a key element in theplot. This perspective puts Antigone in the spot of antagonist; asaggravator of Creon the protagonist. To conclude, Creon is the protagonist. The debate will stillcontinue as to who is the protagonist in this play. Some could agrue thatboth are protagonists. Some may argue that neither is the protagonist. Some may argue that Antigone is the protagonist.

WW1 Art Propaganda Essay Example For Students

WW1: Art Propaganda Essay German 1: As Jesus stood on the hill, he pointed the German soldiers off to battle. With a cross behind him the Lord stood with his hand up blessing the troops as the go off. With the statement God punish England, underneath the picture the Germans felt safe with God on their side. The sky is dark and cloudy but over Jesus head is a ring of light. As the ride into this darkness they take with them the blessing of Jesus. We will write a custom essay on WW1: Art Propaganda specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This poster is directed to religious Germans who were off to battle and their families. One of the two principle religions in German at the time was Roman Catholicism. So for them to see Jesus looking over the soldiers they felt more at peace with the war. It could be seen as Jesus asking the Germans to fight against England to protect the land and the people of Germany. Feeling a religious responsibility the Germans went off to battle England. The ring of light over Jesus head stands out in the dark sky. I fee that this can be seen as a ray of hope. Also the cross behind Jesus enforces the religious beliefs of the church. Even thought he is not nailed to the cross it is positioned so that at first glance if you are a Roman Catholic you remember the struggles Jesus had endured. And lastly because Jesus is on a hill looking over them it portrays the image that he is looking over them and sending them on a mission to punish England. With religion come strong emotions, such as passion, love and dedication. To accuse someone who is spiritual, of going against the advice and word of Jesus or God sparks angry and rage. Feeling the religious responsibility and pressure German soldiers felt it was more than their duty to their county or families. God had chosen them to fight in this battle against England and bring home victory to his kingdom in Germany. This idea instilled pride and obligation in the soldiers as the rode off to battle. German 2: As the solider stands with his arm in the air and pride in his eyes, bolts of lightening hit down onto England. The storm clouds sit under the statement, everything for the native country. The lightening bolts descending from the storm clouds are striking two areas. On the left you see a factory and on the right a church and houses. With a gun in one and hand and the other up high he shows confidence in his fight. I feel the intended audience for this poster is the people who do not understand what this fight is doing to England. This shows that Germanys attacks are hitting England in all aspects of there lives. It looks as if the storm is being created by the Germans power. This one to me has the most basic symbols. On the left there is a factory getting struck by lightening. This symbolizes the Germans attack on Englands economy. The right side shows a church and houses. This represents the families and religion that is being destroyed in this war. The lightening represents the power of Germany and their attacks striking in this war. This raises excitement for the Germans to see that their soldiers are hitting England right where it hurts the most. They feel confident seeing these bolts or lightening coming from this solider. United States: A wonderful opportunity, is the message in this poster. As a recruitment tool for the US Navy they show the positive side of joining. There is a sailor smiling with his bags packed all ready to head of and defend his country. In the background is a large Navy ship sitting in the ocean. The ocean is made to look calm and full of endless adventures. .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 , .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 .postImageUrl , .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 , .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9:hover , .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9:visited , .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9:active { border:0!important; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9:active , .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9 .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u163d2fd25288ac45c09828ff15ec8be9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Ecosystem's Disturbance by a Pollutant EssayThe solider is looking back smiling but taking a huge step forward. This symbolizes embarking on the next journey. He is ready to join the Navy and is proud to have this opportunity. His bags are packed and ready to go showing that he is excited. The emotions for this poster are set by the tone. This is a happy, upbeat, positive image to see. This instills excitement and anticipation for sailors. They can not wait to get onto this ship they see in the poster and embark and set sail. They are ready to take full advantage of this wonderful opportunity the government is giving them to explore and see the world. Australia: As two little children stand holding the Australian flag, the message our daddy is fighting, buy war loan bonds and help him win the war, lays below them. The children are standing close holding hands, with scared looks on the face. I feel the wording makes this poster extremely powerful. This is intended for those who are not fighting the war and are needed to make a contribution. Seeing the children asking on behalf of their daddy who is at war can be mostly directed to people with children. I feel the strongest symbolize in this poster is the words. For example words such as daddy, and help him win, show the childrens innocence. Also them standing close and holding hands, shows they are scared and sticking together. This to me is the most emotional on. The children hit you right in the heart. You see their need for help and attention. I can see people reacting with pity and heartbreak. They realize that buying a war loan bond is a little contribution compared to theses children losing their daddy. Compare / Contrast: Many of these posters hit you in the heart. The German solider creating the storm and the children hit you on more of a personal level. They both deal with family. The lightening bolt hitting the house and the church shows the direct attack on peoples homes and lives. The Australian poster shows the loss of one of the millions of families that lost a father in World War 1. The German poster is more violent and instills not only confidence but fear as well. It proves that this war is closer to home then people would like. The destruction of homes, families, and lives is made real through this poster. Where as the Australian poster is not violent. It receives sympathy from viewers. In a way it does instill fear. If you are a wife or a child with a loved one at war you know the hard ships these children are enduring. I feel the even thought I am disturbed by the German poster, it does make a stronger point. Showing where the attacks are hitting makes the war seem a little more real. It shows that the plan of attack is well thought out. The storm clouds and lightening bolts are a easy, basic symbol. It is easy for anyone to understand this poster and its meaning.

Hindu Pilgrimage Essays - Hindu Pilgrimage Sites, Rigvedic Rivers

Hindu Pilgrimage annon The following essay addresses that of the Hindu pilgrimage as to why pilgrimage is an important aspect of Hindu religion? Firstly, the essay focusses on points which support pilgrimage as a fundamental and key aspect of the Hindu community. Secondly, a perspective denying pilgrimages have any significant role for Hindu and their religion is discussed. It does seem though, to me, that without the aspect of pilgrimage, the Hindu religion would still function quite noramally because although the pilgrimage sites give darsan, they do not seem to be able to assist people with their day to day problems, whereas holy men do. First though we need to know exactly what darsan means to Hindus. Darsan means seeing in Hindu religion and when people go to a temple, they say they do not go to worship but rather for darsan - they go to see the image of the deity. The pinacle act of Hindu worship, is to stand in the presence of the deity and to look upon the image with their eyes, so as to see and be seen by the deity. The deity is believed to actually be within the image, and beholding the deity image is a form of worship where through the eyes one gains blessings. A pilgrimage is a religious journey; people undertake pilgrimages so they can worship at special places which are connected to their religion. Journeying to holy places of pilgrimage are generally carried out as acts of faith and devotion in accummulating religious merit or to atone for sins. Pilgrimages are also regarded by Hindus as a religious duty from which darsan can be attained. There are thousands of pilgrimage sites - tirthas (sacred, fords or crossings) in India, where many places of pilgrimage are renowned for their divine images. And it is the darsan of these divine images that are sought , because the darsan is believed by Hindus to be far greater and significant than that which can be granted and given by holy men i.e. sadhus. It entails then, that holy places of pilgrimages are an extension of additional darsan, of which can be given and received by travelling on a pilgrimage. For example, pilgrims go to the sacred hill of Tirupati for the darsan of Sri Venkatesvara, an ancient icon believed to be a form of Visnu. According to legend, the Lord came to bless a particular devotee who was faithful in his duties towards his parents. The devotee took no time out from his duties to greet the Lord properly, and so threw a brick for him to stand on which impressed Krsna, and so Krsna has stood there ever since. It is important, however, to understand that Hindus do not only travel as pilgrims for the darsan of divine images but also seek thedarsan of the pilgrimage places themselves, which are believed to be the natural places of where gods have dwelled. For instance, the river Ganga also known as the Ganges is said to have flowed in heaven before she agreed to come to earth. Siva caught Ganga in his tangled hair to break her fall, and from his head she flowed down through the Himalayas, so legend goes. And this is why in Hindu hymns, the Ganga is praised as a liquid form of Siva's divine energy. The Ganges is the holiest river of all , where all Hindus desire to bathe in this river, for it is believed by Hindus to wash away all their sins. No sin is too heinous, and no character too black to be washed away by the waters of the Ganges. Essentially, all water used in rituals by Hindus is symbollically transformed into sacred water by summoning the presence of Ganga and other sacred rivers. Every great river is supposed to hold the divine essence, and its waters held to cleanse people from all moral guilt and contamination. On the whole, pilgrimages are very significant to Hindus due to being able to, by and large, eradicate all their sins and wrong doing by bathing in the water of holy rivers. There are difficulties that have to be endured when undertaking a pilgrimage, however, Hindus believe it is well worth it. As an extreme example, for hundreds of years some tirthas were the final goal of many pilgrims, who committed suicide there in order to be released from the cycle of rebirths. Hinduism generally considers suicide a crime, but at certain places, it can become an act of liberation, though this is not the norm for pilgrims.( Klostermaier , K , 1989 , p 312 ) A

The song America (West Side Story) - Essay essays

The song America (West Side Story) - Essay essays The song America (West Side Story) - Essay From dishwasher to millionaire - for this sentence America is famous. But is it true that you have every opportunity in America? The songAmerica? from the musicalWest Side Story? written by Leonard Bernstein may have an answer for this question. At the beginning ofWest Side Story? we hear a song, a dialogue between Puerto Rican immigrants. The girls point out the wonderful sides of living in America, but the boys always show the hard reality and that the life for immigrants isn't easy. The girls see America as the land of freedom an opportunities, that everything is now possible for them. They can buy everything they want, even on credit. The answer of the boys is that the prejudice to immigrants is bigger than the trust,one look at us and they charge twice?. The girls? dream of their own houses and apartments with more space and terrace ends with the 'twelve in a room? theory, because everything is so expensive and the house owners slam the doors in foreigners? faces and even don't give them the chance to show, that they can live and behave like white people too. The girls speak of pride and honour, but the boys point out, that there is only pride and honour, if you 'stay on your own side?. They show that there is no way to belong to the high- or even middle-society, because there is no space for coloured people. The advantage that you arefree to be anything you choose? is also more or less for white people in America. Immigrants should be happy, if they get a badly paid job for example 'to wipe tables and shine shoes?. ?Life can be bright in America, life is all right in America?, the girls sing. In Addition to that the young men say:if you can fight and if you are white in America?. And unfortunately they are right. If you are a foreigner, you have to work hard to exist in America. You have to fight for your rights in the society. ...

GOLD NANO PARTICLES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GOLD NANO PARTICLES - Essay Example variations that are used in comprehension of plasomons which depends on the wavelength, otherwise known as conduction-band electrons during oscillation. This phenomenon translates into absorption and scattering ability of light, which is an important feature to biological applications like sensing and imaging. The ability of bio molecules to interact both inside and at the surface of a cell can result into varied interactions according to the size of nanoparticle. Currently, for medical sector purposes, it is possible to modify and fabricate nanoparticles and AUNPS is best for clarifying the distinct properties of the â€Å"red surface Plasmon resonances band at 520† with catalytic activity which is high and easily fabricated with the use of thiol interconnected to SS-DNA which enables them to be components that are stable for bio-sensing purposes. When nanoparticles and biological elements of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are combined, they can reveal specific functions in bioprobes and biosensors. It is therefore, important to note that, nanoscale particles possess clear and exceptional potential of detecting and accurately diagnosing cancer (Chan 2007). To increase the level of sensitivity like in surface enhanced Rayleigh scattering, surface enhanced fluorescence, and surface enhanced Raman scattering, the use of surface Plasmon have been significant. Though, SERS is an attractive and has very unique technique that can be vital in measuring rotational, vibration and molecules of low transition frequency based on Raman scattering (Chan

Microbiology of conjunctiva Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Microbiology of conjunctiva - Essay Example Bacterial conjunctivitis is the most frequent ocular infection in the developed world accounting for up to 2% of annual consultations in primary care. 1,2,3 Although clinical course of bacterial conjunctivitis is often benign and self-limited 4, antibiotics has been shown to reduce the symptomatic period. 5,6 Antibiotic treatment may also limit spread of the causative bacterial strain that is frequently contagious and thus they may prevent epidemics.7 Choice of antibiotics is often empirical although the decision should be based on knowledge of common causative bacteria and their resistance profile. Emerging antimicrobial resistance and developing pattern of bacterial findings makes the choice of empiric treatment increasingly challenging. Diagnostic difficulties may lead to needless use of antibiotics 8,9 which may further stimulate resistance of bacteria even in extraocular sites. 10 Selection of antibiotics in treatment of bacterial infections in general must be adjusted according to prevailing bacterial properties. Worldwide emergence of multi-resistant bacteria, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is obvious. Activity of fluoroquinolones against some common ocular pathogens, for example, is also in jeopardy. 11 Bacterial findings in infants and older children have been well established and effectiveness of all local antibiotics has been demonstrated. 4, 12,4,13 Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae, for example, has also been documented in outbreak settings. 14 Distribution of bacterial isolates and differences in their resistance profile in conjunctivitis in different age categories of population, however, is not equally well characterized. The present study aims in defining distribution of pathogenic bacteria and their in vitro sensitivity in conjunctivitis amongst age groups. METHODS Patient population and conjunctival samples We analyzed data of consecutive 1139 conjunctival bacterial isolates

Ford vertical integration 2013 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ford vertical integration 2013 - Article Example The California based Automakers feels that it is an inevitable necessity for the company to supply its own batteries if it has to remain on track with its much aggressive long-term strategic objectives. Mr. Musk told the analysts about the company’s ambitious plans of selling approximately 500000 units annually when it begins selling Generation III cars (White, 2013). However their biggest concern was lack of steady supply of batteries which could meet this demand. There is no doubt that Mr. Musk’s idea emulates the one time vertical integration idea of Henry Ford which saw the birth of Ford Rouge factory complex which ensured steady supply of steal which was one of the raw materials for the giant automaker in the 20th century. White (2013) assert that Despites its current ebb state the Rouge complex has been instrumental to the company for several years. If Telsa will realize its dream of backward vertical integration whereby it could convert raw materials into finished battery packs for its automobiles then the company will be in a position to compete effectively through cost control and scheduled production. White, J. (2013). An Idea Henry Ford Would Be Proud Of: Tesla’s ‘Giga Factory’. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 11, 2013 from:

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet on Music

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet on Music Internet speeds and media convergence have increased the promise of new delivery of content and information. This change has been strongly driven by increasing technological advances; combined with the increase in the rapid uptake of broadband technologies has lead to the increase in broadband penetration. The Internet, due to several factors such as; the increase number of competitors, scale and the increase of speed, have largely affected how the public consume information and have therefore forced companies to re-evaluate their current distribution models but also invest more into technologies that support this upward trend. One such technology product at the forefront of this economical and socialocial change is music distribution. Online Music distribution market is due to grow significantly within the next few years, forcing record labels and retail giants to reconsider their current business practices and model to accommodate this trend. The music industry has always been at the forefront of technological advances, and has the ability to transform its product to multiple mediums to promote the message. Understanding how music is digested is key to understanding how the diversification of the product has significantly changed over the years. Radio lead to records and the compact disc, while now due to the increase of sharing platforms online and the popularity of MP3 players such as the ipod have allowed or some would say encouraged users to licence unauthorized downloading of copyrighted content. Although the music industry has pushed for and placed more pressure in convergence of technological products both software and hardware, developments in online music also raise significant challenges that are likely to be relevant for other digital content sectors as well. The below paper aims to indentify the opportunities and disadvantages the Internet has had on the music industry. The first part of this paper aims to give a brief history of the music industry and what has essentially how it now uses the Internet as a key distribution network. Part two of the paper aims to specify the key opportunities that the Internet has provided the music industry. For all the opportunities, several key challenges the Internet has placed on progression of music industry. Part three aims to analyse these challenges in depth. Finally this paper does not provide a solution towards the challenges identified rather provides a framework in where these challenges are identified and discussed. MUSIC INDUSTRY: A BRIEF RECAP The music industry has always been at the forefront of technological developments. It has contributed or some would say encouraged developments within the commercial environments, entry of new players and new ways to consume music and generate revenue. The Internet allows for new forms of advertising and allows easier access and lower entry points for artistic creation and distribution of music. In 2004 a stream of legitimate music sources became available, which up until then the majority forms of music distribution were illegal. Apple iTunes lead the charge and significantly changed the music landscape by offering a one stop shop that provided a consistent easy to use format that allows customers to pay for songs they want rather then have to purchase full albums as previous forms have focused on. By the end of 2004, there were 230 sites offering over 1m tracks online in the United States and Europe. In 2004, over 200 million songs were downloaded from legitimate services up from 20 million the previous year, which grew streaming on demand, Internet radio and personalised services. (http://www.key4biz.it/download/Digital_Broadband_Content_Music.pdf) 2005 saw the rise of mobile music i.e. ring tones, and saw the increase in popularity of other formats such as music DVDs. It appears demand for music has increased through digital distribution methods and has lead to other forms of music consumption (streaming radio, video clips on DVDs as previously seen on network such as MTV and channel V). Although having gained such popularity the online revenue accounts attributed from these products only accounted for 1-2% of the total revenue. The digitalisation of music has been the main drivers in global technology markets. Although revenues derived from online music sales (hardcopy softcopies); the increase in revenues for hardware for PCs are currently higher then that being derived for music sales/streaming. Through a combination of new business models, new technologies and innovative services provided for consumers the market is developing rapidly to realise the potential for online music. The biggest challenge still remains to be controlling piracy while developing models, which are still economically suitable to consumers that also allow for new participants to enter the market. OPPORTUNITIES The digitalisation of in high quality sound provided an additional boost to the music industry with the compact disc being the lead seller for many years; although new formats such as Sony Mini Disc and Digital Compact cassettes (DCC) were introduced they did not provide to be a huge success. Mainly due to the lack of groups of hardware and software not being compatible. Funnily enough CDs still make up for the majority of sales being made online. Apart from booming CD sales, the rise of digital technology and the Internet in at first and due to digital unauthorized downloading proven to be more of a challenge than an opportunity to the music industry. EASE OF ENTRY INTO NEW MARKET Entry into the music industry through the Internet is no longer reliant on record deals with major labels rather allows for up and coming musicians upload and distribute their music via other means. English singer Lilly Allen is a perfect example as Allen success was largely due to the fact she was able to release and promote her own record on the social networking page MySpace. It was only when her songs grew their own fan base reaching over tens of thousands online streams she was offered a record contract with Regal Labels. (Wikipedia) Such an examples exemplifies the Internets impact on artists being able to distribute their own records without the support or aid of larger corporations. EASIER ACCESS TO THE PRODUCT A Larger volume of distribution methods allow for an increase in overall competition; which in turn have an overall effect on the cost of products available. Retailers and record companies had far more control over pricing of products when limited to physical products when confined to gaining foot traffic. Now with introduction of online sales methods whether it be ordering the physical copy from Amazon.com or simply purchasing through catalogue like stores such as iTunes price has become a key differentiator on whether uses purchase their music (whether digitized or hard copy) online. DISEMLING OF PRODUCTS With that in mind, the evaluation of how users consume the products have also been called into question. As the Internet has allowed record labels and artists to critically evaluate how consumers utilise their product. Although in 2003 CD sales were at an all time high, the increasing number of Peer-2-peer networks brought down the volume of CDs being sold and had record companies evaluate cost models. The ipod/iTunes effect has been forcing record labels to re-evaluate business models as there has been increasing importance placed on selling singles rather then full albums became a more advantageous for consumers as they could purchase songs are a more cost effective rate that were more valuable to them then purchasing full albums. (http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/IPod_Effect) TECHNOLOGY CONVERGENCE The convergence of products such as digital audio players, have been able to establish themselves independent of other electronic device and replace older listening devices. The main reason for such devices are to provide portability but also ability to replace dedicated products such as walkmans with converged devices such as the mobile phone or PDAs. Such developments of these products are strongly influenced by the Internets growth and uptake of e commerce networks such as iTunes. The overall influence the Internet has had on such an ecommerce transaction places the importance on having the sufficient hardware and software to continue these advances. MALAUABLE The ability to download digitalised versions has several added benefits for customers. The ability to make copies if the hard copy or device becomes defective. While customers are able to customised their libraries and make CDs and play lists according to their tastes rather then have to conform to Record Company choices for a customer. Also the music becomes more valuable to the customer if theyre able to adjust and include the music into their own productions such as multimedia videos or presentations. CHALLENGES OF THE ONLINE MUSIC INDUSTRY The online music distribution has provided one of the greatest platforms for technological developments and also helped in the uptake of e commerce practices in OECD countries. (BIBLIOGRAPHY) PEER 2 PEER NETWORKS AND THE AFFECT ON PIRACY The Internets early success was significantly due to the file sharing capabilities otherwise known as peer-to-peer networks. The innovative technology is becoming increasing important in expanding communication. Such programs that have reaped the benefits of this technology include Skype, on demand video streaming or share proprietary information in the services industry. Although the ability to share large volumes of data easily and quickly is appealing to the vast majority of consumers there is significant concern has about P2P networks and the ability to transfer large volumes of unauthorised content without the consent of the relevant owners. The majority of file sharing software transfers music files but has now expanded beyond that into digital content areas as well. Piracy not only affects copyright owners; essentially impedes business funding legitimate avenues of distribution. The biggest challenge businesses face with piracy is finding ways to control piracy while attempting to develop new revenues streams from digital distribution networks. Music Labels and other content providers have placed significant pressure on governments and ISP providers to help aid in the prevention of the use of illegal distribution of content. Some Film distributors have gone as far as suing Internet providers for their lack of intervention in use of illegal down loading. In the case of Film Companys iiNet sued for allowing piracy. The Australian film and television industry has launched a major case against ISP provider iiNet for allowing infringement of copyright. Although the case is still under way the no known legal action has been started by Music Companies but seems to be the way large corporations are facing if governments do not start intervening. The digital revolution happen significantly quickly while the infrastructure and legislation of rights lagged behind, leaving behind several issues that have yet to be properly addressed. The unauthorised use of file sharing presents a significant challenge to copyright owners; although these programs allow for the music or product to have more mass appeal and spread more conveniently the transference of intellectual property is the equivalent of intellectual theft. The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) a trade group representing the Music Industry charged P2P groups enabling them to effectively steal and share music. Which has essentially have lead to the decline in CD sales. Such lawsuits saw the removal of Napster being available for the public to utilise. The interest of the music industry affects many stakeholders within the value chain, from artists to ISP providers who also seek to derive revenue from online music distribution. LACK OF GOVERNING BODIES TO MONITOR BEHAVIOUR To essentially survive, the market needs to create new business models and allowing for new solutions that adequately addresses the challenges that have been identified above. One such solution has seen increased pressure on government to enforce solutions that dont stifle creativity but are able to maintain the effective copyright protection in the online environment is required. However this will be reflective of individual markets while the problem is seen to place global pressure. LACK OF INTEROPERABILITY One significant challenge for the Internet within the Music industry is with the increase of technology; the array of incompatible audio and DRM formats essentially could lock consumers into specific standards, which therefore could hinder the growth of the music industry i.e. songs purchased within the Apple iTunes Music Store cant not be used on other devices which make this virtually impossible to share music with friends or resell the CDs if the customer tires of the song/product. LOSS OF SOCIAL COMMUNITY CDs and albums have survived on the talk ability factor of the products. Customers often recommend songs to their friends and social networking sites to promote their favourites artists. The inability to share the hard copy of songs through DRM systems prevent the ability to provide friends a copy of the songs as the products downloaded are generally limited towards a number of computers. Having said this, although it breaches on issues of privacy the talk ability function of these products and therefore limit the ability to advertise their product to the core audience group. CONCLUSION The Internet has provided a new platform for distribution for both the physical product but new formats of music as well. The industry as a whole has significant increase and support on its products; key challenges highlighted tend to be on a larger scale where increasing government pressure to reform and fix piracy issues transcends not only just within the music industry but transcends across all aspects of digital content. It is important that ways are found to harness the technological capacity of innovations so that incentives for the creation and distribution of original works are not only maintained but also enhanced.

A life in the day of Paul Harris Essay

I wake up 6:30 a. m. with my light going on and a very loud voice shouting, â€Å"Get up Paul! Immediately or I will stop you from playing stupid games on your Playstation. † (I find this one of my mother’s most annoying habits. ) I eventually haul myself out of my bed and stagger to the bathroom, where I transform my self from Ape to human. Laura my adorable (if somewhat a pain), sister, is already dressed and downstairs feeding our cat Bobby. Dad is blocking the stairs putting his shoes on as he advances to work for another day in the bank. Mum is busy juggling the washing machine, the toaster, packed lunch and signing my planner. Just as I think it is safe to come down stairs, to have a tasty breakfast of Coco Pops, my mum would start practicing Opera, for her lesson on Friday lunch time. I don’t particularly like Opera, I prefer Punk rock, my favourite band is Blink 182 and my favourite song is, â€Å"All the small things. † The trip to school is fun and exciting with lots of little alloy ways to get lost in. The ride on the train is an exciting but short journey from Hightown station towards Freshfeld station via Formby station. I walk to school from there with my best friend Jamie Hall, who has his hair up spiked and also likes Punk rock. We both share a big interest in computers and we are both going to build a computer individually. School is a mixture of excitement and work (education). This year I have taken a great interest in my education because it is the start of my G. C. S. E’s. A time of hard work to get qualifications. I particularly have to work at English, but I’m lucky because my English teacher is a good teacher, who teaches the class properly. I enjoy I. T because it is full of interesting facts about computers and when the teacher’s not looking, I start playing games like Sonic the Hedgehog. Math’s is a good subject because I can do the work, at the moment. I sit next to Michael Roberts who can be good fun but gets moody sometimes (we all have faults and mine is that I rush things). At breaks I walk round the school mumbling about computers or games with Jamie. Sometimes I play a game called manhunt with a few of my other friends, like Ashlee Rowe. It is a physical game that involves chasing people and catching them. When it is time to leave school, I wait for my friend Allister in year ten, (we live next door to each other). We get the train together; Allister is more obsessed about computers than I am, but he adores games and I love all aspects of computers. When I get home, my homework comes first before any thing else, so I do it, have something to eat, before my horrible task of ironing my Army cadet’s uniform. I go to cadets with a friend from school called Danny; He can be a bit strange at times because he makes noises with his mouth. Cadets is enjoy full because I love the Army and the activities I do (I’m not the best at shooting because I’m short sighted). I think The Army will be my career as an officer or I might join the navy, as an engineering officer. For now I will think I will stay who I am. When dad gets home from a very stressful job, he is usually moody like a bear with a sore head, so I help him buy making him a brew of P. G Tips tea. At tea time I have to gulp my tea down so I’m ready for cadets. My friend Chris Caralan picks me up for cadets he is 15 and has recently lost his lance corporal stripe for forgetting to go to annual camp. To night will be a brilliant night because I get to go in the best tank in the world, The ‘Challenger 2. ‘ When we arrived at the Army camp it was there, the ‘Challenger 2. ‘ A giant monster by its self, a khaki coloured snail with a thick layer of armour like a shell. It had two eyes both sides of the turret to give it character. When one of the officers turned on the engine it roared like a grizzly bear. We got a chance to gone in it and a guided tour. After a long exhausting day I finally get a chance to drop off at the land of nod.

Lincoln Douglas Outline Essay

Before you begin your speech briefly thank the judge and your opponent for providing the opportunity for this important debate. I. Engage With an Attention-Getter. The attention-getter is designed to intrigue the audience members and to motivate them to listen attentively for the next several minutes. There are infinite possibilities for attention-getting devices. Some of the more common devices include using a story, a surprising statistic, or a quotation. Whichever you choose, be sure that your attention-getter makes sense to the case and that it is explained. See more: argument essay format II. Provide a Resolutional Analysis. Say the precise wording of the topic so your judge knows exactly what is being debated. Explain what the resolution is asking – most require that you choose between two values (ex. â€Å"Resolved: Individuality should be valued above community†), other topics have implied values which require a little more explanation. III. Offer Definitions. Clearly define the vital words/phrases in the resolution and cite the dictionary or encyclopedia you used. Make sure the definitions you choose support what you are arguing – definitions matter – sometimes they decide who wins and loses the debate! IV. Propose a Value. A value is an ideal held by individuals, societies, or governments that serves as the highest goal to be protected/achieved. In general, the debater will establish a value which focuses the central questions of the resolution and will serve as a foundation for argumentation. Explain how the value relates to the topic. V. Offer a Criterion. You should present a criterion (a standard) which should be used to: ââ€" ªExplain how the value should be protected, respected, maximized, or achieved. ââ€" ªMeasure whether a given side or argument protects, respects, maximizes, or achieves the value. The relationship between the value and the criterion should be clearly stated. VI. Present Contention 1. Provide a â€Å"tagline† or brief title to the argument. Introduce the claim or argument you are making (ex. â€Å"Capital punishment deters crime†). Introduce your warrant – the reason your claim is true. Offer valid evidence that supports your claim (ex. â€Å"According to the Attorney General, states that have the death penalty have less violent crime†). Explain the impact of your argument on the debate. Be sure to relate your argument back to the resolution and explain how this argument helps to uphold the value (ex. â€Å"Because capital punishment decreases crime it upholds Justice, which is the most important value in today’s round†). VII. Present Contention 2. Is the claim clear? Is valid evidence offered? Is the warrant clear? (Is the piece of evidence explained, how does it apply to the resolution?) Is enough evidence offered to prove the claim? Does the case explain how this piece of evidence helps to uphold the value? VIII. Present Contention 3. Same as Contention 1 and 2 above! IX. End the Speech with a Solid Conclusion. Review the main points of the case, especially the value. Use the criterion to â€Å"weigh the case† (or prove how your arguments best support the value). Provide a final thought that refers back to the attention-getter. Ask for the win (ex. â€Å"For all these reasons I can see nothing but an affirmative ballot†).

EU Trade and Sustainable Development

EU Trade and Sustainable Development The society can develop if it has good plan for the future generation. The needs for today’s generation as well as the future generation are equally important. According to (Brande Happaerts 2011) sustainable development is the main agenda in global development in order to achieve economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on EU Trade and Sustainable Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Policies are of great importance and everybody should ensure that they follow them strictly. However, it is important to note that policies are not enough measures of ensuring sustainable development. The change of our thinking or approach in matters concerning the economy, which include production, consumption and social pattern, are important in ensuring sustainable development. â€Å"The social development and the ecological agendas are trumped by the economic development and they are very important in every na tion† (Pallemaerts Azmanova 2006). EU commission in the year 2009 adopted the 2009 review of EU SDS. According to this review, emphasis was that the EU had set up a wide range of policies for sustainable development. In particular, the review stated that the EU was very keen in the issue of climate change. This is the reason why the EU would take lead in the global struggle against climate change to set an example for the others to follow. The EU had also to take a leading role in the promotion and use of green energy or the establishment of low-carbon economy. As noted by Pallemaerts Azmanova (2006), protecting the environment was to be the key agenda in sustainable development, which was the first priority. Some unsustainable trends were persistent in many areas of the economy and therefore there was need to get solution to the situation. In December the year 2009, the European Council emphasized that, sustainable development remained as one of its main objective as in Lib son Treaty. The emphasis was that the 2009 review on sustainable development long-term vision would remain as its main objective.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The long-term policies were also to form the basis for the union’s strategies and policies. However, there were unsustainable trends of interest that needed urgent attention â€Å"Unsustainable trends still persist and the EU needs to intensify its efforts† (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2011), where the rating of the energy sector was the most affected by these trends. These unsustainable trends were termed as the main cause of change in climate and for this reason; there was need for drastic measures to combat climate change. Adapting to the effects of the change in climate was to be the first step followed by implementation of measures aiming at combating the change. Transport sect or was the one that consumed most energy and if people tackled the issue of the change in climate, then there was need to reduce consumption of energy in the sector. The problem of changing climate relates to the global loss of biomass currently experienced in the globe and this trend had to be reversed (Koutrakou 2004). There is no comparison between the future economy and today’s economy because the sustenance of future economy will be possible if it is low-input economy. The plan had to start in the present and for this reason trade in the EU had to be in line with the union’s development strategies. Priorities were important in the evaluation, monitoring and following up to ensure that the EU was a global example in implementing trade policies that were sustainable. References Brande, K Happaerts, K, 2011. Keeping sustainable development alive, The Broker, Available at: thebrokeronline.eu/Articles/Keeping-the-sustainable-development-flame-alive Advertising We will write a custom report sample on EU Trade and Sustainable Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Koutrakou, V, 2004, Contemporary issues and debates in the EU, Manchester University Press: Manchester. Pallemaerts, M Azmanova, A., 2006, The European Union and sustainable development: Internal and external dimensions, Asp / Vubpress / Upa: Brussels. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011, Sustainability and the U.S. EPA. National Academic Press: Washington.

A Timeline and History of the Olmec Civilization

A Timeline and History of the Olmec Civilization Olmec: An Introduction The Olmec civilization is the name given to a sophisticated central American culture with its heyday between 1200 and 400 BC. The Olmec heartland lies in the Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco, at the narrow part of Mexico west of the Yucatan peninsula and east of Oaxaca. The following is an introductory guide to the Olmec civilization, its place in Central American prehistory, and some important facts about the people and how they lived. Olmec Timeline Initial Formative: 1775-1500 cal BCEarly Formative: 1450-1005 cal BCMiddle Formative: 1005-400 cal BCLate Formative: 400 cal BC While the very earliest sites of the Olmec show relatively simple egalitarian societies based on hunting and fishing, the Olmecs eventually established a highly complex level of political government, including public building projects such as pyramids and large platform mounds; agriculture; a writing system; and a characteristic sculptural artistry including enormous stone heads with heavy features reminiscent of angry babies. Olmec Capitals There are four main regions or zones that have been associated with Olmec by the use of iconography, architecture and settlement plan, including  San Lorenzo de Tenochtitlan,  La Venta, Tres Zapotes, and Laguna de los Cerros. Within each of these zones, there were three or four different levels of hamlets of different sizes. At the center of the zone was a fairly dense center with plazas and  pyramids  and kingly residences. Outside of the center were a somewhat sparser collection of hamlets and farmsteads, each at least economically and culturally tied to the center. Olmec Kings and Rituals Although we dont know any of the Olmec king names, we do know that the rituals associated with king included an emphasis on the sun and reference to solar equinoxes were built into platform and plaza configurations. Sun glyph iconography is seen on many locations and there is an undeniable importance of  sunflower  in dietary and ritual contexts. The ballgame played an important role in  Olmec culture, as it does in many central American societies, and, like those other societies, it may have included human sacrifice. The colossal heads are often sculpted with headgear, thought to represent ball player wear; animal effigies exist of jaguars dressed as ball players. It is possible that women also played in the games, as there are figurines from  La Venta  which are females wearing helmets. Olmec Landscape The Olmec farms and hamlets and centers were situated on and next to a diverse set of landforms, including floodplain lowlands, coastal plains, plateau uplands, and volcanic highlands. But the large Olmec capitals were based on high places in the  floodplains  of big rivers such as Coatzacoalcos and Tabasco. The Olmec coped with recurring floods by building their residences and storage structures on artificially raised earth platforms, or by rebuilding on old sites, creating tell formations. Many of the earliest Olmec sites are likely buried deep within the floodplains. The Olmec were clearly interested in color and color schemes of the environment. For example, the plaza at  La Venta  has a striking appearance of brown soil embedded with tiny bits of shattered greenstone. And there are several blue-green serpentine mosaic pavements tiled with clays and sands in a rainbow of different colors. A common sacrificial object was a jadeite offering covered with red  cinnabar. Olmec Diet and Subsistence By 5000 BC, the Olmec relied on  domestic maize,  sunflower, and manioc, later domesticating  beans. They also gathered corozo palm nuts, squash, and  chili. There is some possibility that the Olmec were the first to use  chocolate. The main source of animal protein was domesticated  dog  but that was supplemented with white-tailed deer, migratory birds, fish, turtles, and coastal shellfish. White tailed-deer, in particular, was specifically associated with ritual feasting. Sacred places:  Caves (Juxtlahuaca and Oxtotitln), springs, and mountains. Sites: El Manati, Takalik Abaj, Pijijiapan. Human Sacrifice:  Children and infants at  El Manati; human remains under monuments at  San Lorenzo;  La Venta  has an altar showing an eagle-clad king holding a captive. Bloodletting, ritual cutting of part of the body to allow bleeding for sacrifice, was probably also practiced. Colossal Heads:  Appear to be portraits of male (and possibly female) Olmec rulers. Sometimes wear helmets indicating that they are ballplayers, figurines, and sculpture from  La Venta  show that women wore helmet headgear, and some of the heads may represent women. A relief at the Pijijiapan as well as  La Venta  Stela 5 and La Venta Offering 4 show women standing next to men rulers, perhaps as partners. Olmec Trade, Exchange, and Communications Exchange:  Exotic materials were brought in or traded from far places to  the Olmec  zones, including literally tons of volcanic basalt to  San Lorenzo  from the Tuxtla mountains, 60 km away, which was carved into royal sculptures and  manos  and metates, natural basalt columns from Roca Partida. Greenstone (jadeite, serpentine, schist, gneiss, green quartz), played a clearly important role in elite contexts at Olmec sites. Some sources for these materials are the gulf coastal region in Motagua Valley, Guatemala, 1000 km away from the Olmec heartland. These materials were carved into beads and animal effigies. Obsidian  was brought in from Puebla, 300 km from  San Lorenzo. And also, Pachuca green obsidian from central Mexico Writing:  The earliest Olmec writing began with glyphs representing calendrical events, and eventually evolved into logographs, line drawings for single ideas. The earliest proto-glyph so far is an Early Formative greenstone carving of a footprint from El Manati. The same sign shows up on a Middle Formative monument 13 at  La Venta  next to a striding figure. The  Cascajal block  shows many early glyph forms. The Olmec designed a printing press of sorts, a roller stamp or cylinder seal, which could be inked and rolled onto human skin, paper, or cloth. Calendar:  260 days, 13 numbers and 20 named days. Olmec Sites La Venta,  Tres Zapotes,  San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Tenango del Valle,  San Lorenzo, Laguna de los Cerros,  Puerto Escondido, San Andres, Tlatilco, El Manati, Juxtlahuaca Cave, Oxtotitln Cave, Takalik Abaj, Pijijiapan, Tenochtitlan, Potrero Nuevo, Loma del Zapote,  El Remolino  and Paso los Ortices, El Manatà ­, Teopantecuanitln, Rà ­o Pesquero, Takalik Abaj Olmec Civilization Issues The Olmec Civilization is at the center of the  mother-sister controversy, which is a debate concerning the relative strength of the Olmec society compared to other early Mesoamerican cultures.The  Cascajal Block, a large block found in a quarry that may be among the earliest written records in central America, andThe search for  bitumen  sources, which was an important resource to many archaeological societies in central America. Olmec bloodletting spoons  have a new explanation these daysWas  chocolate  first used and domesticated by the Olmec? Sources Blomster JP, Neff H, and Glascock, MD. 2005 Olmec Pottery Production and Export in Ancient Mexico Determined Through Elemental Analysis.  Science  307:1068-1072.Diehl RA. 2005 Patterns of Cultural Primacy.  Science  307:1055-1056.Flannery KV, Balkansky AK, Feinman GM, Grove DC, Marcus J, Redmond EM, Reynolds RG, Sharer RJ, Spencer CS, and Yaeger J. 2005. Implications of new petrographic analysis for the Olmec ‘‘mother culture’’ model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(32):11219-11223.Follensbee BJA. 2008. Fiber technology and weaving in formative-period Gulf Coast cultures. Ancient Mesoamerica 19:87–110.Henderson JS, Joyce RA, Hall GR, Hurst WJ, and McGovern PE. 2007. Chemical and archaeological evidence for the earliest cacao beverages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(48):18937-18940.  Joyce RA, and Henderson JS. 2007. From feasting to cuisine: Implications of archaeological research in an early Hondura n village. American Anthropologist 109(4):642–653. Joyce RA, and Henderson JS. 2010. Being Olmec in Early Formative Period Honduras. Ancient Mesoamerica 21(1):187-200.Kaufman T, and Justeson J. 2007. Writing the history of the word for cacao in ancient Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica 18:193-237.Pohl MD, and von Nagy C. 2008. The Olmec and their contemporaries. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 217-230.Rodrà ­guez Martà ­nez MdC, Ortà ­z Ceballos P, Coe MD, Diehl RA, Houston SD, Taube KA, and Alfredo DC. 2006. Oldest Writing in the New World. Science 313:1610-1614.  Sharer RJ, Balkansky AK, Burton JH, Feinman GM, Flannery KV, Grove DC, Marcus J, Moyle RG, Price TD, Redmond EM et al. 2006. On The Logic Of Archaeological Inference: Early Formative Pottery And The Evolution Of Mesoamerican Societies. Latin American Antiquity 17(1):90-103.Wendt CJ, and Cyphers A. 2008. How the Olmec used bitumen in ancient Mesoamerica. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27(2):175-191.Wendt CJ, and Lu S -T. 2006. Sourcing archaeological bitumen in the Olmec region. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(1):89-97.

Macro and Microeconomics Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Macro and Microeconomics Issues - Essay Example The analysis of price and income effects based on the estimated demand system has suggested that with the increase in food price inflation, the demand for staple food (rice, wheat, and sugar) may not be affected adversely but, that of high-value food commodities is likely to be affected negatively.† The increase in the price of orange due to supply constraints would lead to increase in prices of other fruits in general. Poor people tend to spend more on bread, a staple food item in spite of price increase by reducing their consumption of other food which cost more. This phenomenon is called as ‘Giffen’s Paradox’. Giffen’s paradox is not applicable in the case of orange, as it is not a staple food in poor households. Demand for the orange cannot be considered inelastic. Silberberg and Walker(687) observe â€Å"When the price of the Giffen good changes, therefore, not only does the income term outweigh the substitution term for the Giffen good, but a similar result is produced for the cross effect on the other commodity.† Therefore, increase in the price of orange will lead to increase in the price of other fruits like grapes or apples due to the substitution effect. The increase in price or orange induces farmers to increase the area under crop for oranges which are expected to increase the production of oranges to the normal level of demand in the economy. However, when the farmers have other alternatives of producing corn or other grasses, may be at a lesser cost of production for manufacture of ethanol, the scenario with regard to supply pattern changes drastically. President George W. Bush called for the United States to reduce its gasoline consumption by 20% in the next decade. Considering the growth rates in consumption of gasoline, reduction in consumption of gasoline is very difficult. He proposed an increase in ethanol produced from corn and the stalks and leaves from corn and other grasses.

U08a1 Personal Reflection Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

U08a1 Personal Reflection Project - Essay Example ..""Aesthetics"" or esthetics is a branch of philosophy dealing with the definition of beauty† (Singh 2008). The concept of beauty is subjective in nature as it had been popularly coined by the phrase â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder† (Martin 2009). The phrase "the aesthetic point of view† depends on the person’s perspectives which was developed though various experiences and orientations. I realized from the given assignments of the course, the sense of beauty was slowly enhanced and awareness was honed through personal direction accorded by the diverse art forms and medium. The Marketplace Visit was my initiation to an enlightenment in understanding the aesthetic approach to one’s surroundings, particularly the restaurant I visited, in lieu of the market place. There was a realization at this point that the concept of beauty is actually experienced through other senses, not just the sense of sight. With various aromas, taste of the T-bone steak and the thirst that was quenched by the iced cold un- sweet tea, in conjunction with the calming effect of the atmosphere designed in the old Wild West, it was as if I was brought back into time and was made to relish the warmth and comforts of good old days. Beauty was experienced through the senses provided by the Hoof and Horn visit. Taking a picture was another memorable experience which attained learning the value of appreciating beauty at its natural form. The â€Å"Unnamed Tree† could just be disregarded by majority as an eyesore – a dried and dying unpreventable consequence of nature. However, the aesthetics in that picture could be seen as one reflects on the aspects of its surroundings, its artistic form, its sublimely matt color and the remaining breath of life through the birds nestling in its contoured branches. The viewer – giving meaning and life through one’s eyes provide enormous amounts of aesthetics in the unnamed tree’s existence. Designs, brands, corporate logos

The cost of capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The cost of capital - Essay Example The formula determines the appropriate expected return of alternative projects. The cost of capital is the amount that the investor has to pay in order to generate a series of future dividend incomes, return of investments (Sheridian, Martin & Keown, 2010). For example, Geoff Black (2010) reiterated the business earns $1,000,000 in one year. The profits will grow by 2 percent per year, and the company generates a net worth of $16,666,667 after two years. The cost of capital is arrived at as follows:After computing the formula, X is equal to 8 percent cost of capital figure. Further, the cost of capital can include the return that the stock market investors are expected to earn from their investments in a company. The firm that generates revenues more than the amount of cost of capital will entice the company’s current and prospective investors to invest additional funds into the invested company’s coffers.For example, Microsoft generated a 53 percent return on its equit y. The company’s equity is $7.2 billion. Computing, the company’s return on equity is $3.8 Billion. If the company’s cost of capital is 14 percent, the company’s cost of capital is $1.0 Billion. The company’s residual income is $2.8 Billion. ($3.8 Billion - $ 1.0 Billion). Another term for the $2.8 Billion net income is residual income or Economic Value Added (EVA). Under the Economic Value Added (EVA), management is faced with the financial question whether the assets can be better used in other areas or by fresh management.

Chinese Culture Essay Example for Free

Chinese Culture Essay Chinese Culture changed during the Qin Dynasty. There was an increase in trade, agriculture, and military protection. The central government now had direct control of the population, allowing the ability to have a much bigger workforce. Many projects such as the Great Wall of China were done because of this. The Qin Dynasty had several reforms in China’s society; such as money, advanced writing system, and the weights and measurements became the same units. Book burning and burying of scholars occurred due to the desire to purge all traces of the old dynasties. The Qin’s military was revolutionary due to the fact of more developed weaponry, transportation, and military tactics. All this was done even though China’s government was strict and bureaucratic. Future Chinese regimes were influenced because of this Dynasty. Qin Shihuang was the emperor that was buried in the tomb. He was the first emperor of China. After 200 years of war between 6 states, he unified China. His rule only lasted for 15 years, but left a lasting impact on the country’s history. A few of Qin’s remnants were the legalist principles, a Chinese philosophy that followed hard discipline agreeing to the rule of law. This belief helped Qin to rule the masses in a more centered power order and show a very influential way to rule, but this did now allow for disagreement to occur. Qin introduced a uniform written language which helped the government to communicate and carry out policies. Scholars could share information to a bigger population which helped lead to the transfer of culture. Having one language helped the later dynasties to communicate with the nomads and pass along information on how to compromise or fight with them. The invention of constructing roads allowed better connection between major cities and provinces. The dynasty standardized the length of axles in carts so they could all ride on new roads. The construction of the Great Wall of China made a mark in history for the country’s boundaries, causing a greater unity. The nomadic tribes in the north were not able to attack because of the Great Wall protecting its Country. They dynasty standardizes all weights and measures, leading to a more effortless exchange of goods, and developing a taxation system. The Chinese money is also made equal all over, allowing even more efficiency of exchange in goods. Qin Shihuang had a lasting impact in the power of leadership in China. After his death in 206 BCE, his son, and later his grandson, took power but bother were short lived. The Qin Dynasty ended in 206 BCE. After his death, the same states that were in war before he became the emperor, began to fight again and many leaders sprang up over China until the Han Dynasty. Even though this happened, the lasting effects of practices that were put in place in the Qin Dynasty, lasted throughout the centuries. Qin’s power came from his top-down rule, and people conformed to his rule because of his powerful personality. They followed him because he showed them a vast difference in comparison to their small kingdoms, giving a way to a beginning of a future nation-state. The fact that China is names after Qin just goes to show how big of an influence he really was. For more than 2 thousand years Taoism has been the religious tradition that has influenced the people of East Asia. The work, Tao means the â€Å"path† or â€Å"way†, but with numerous subtle differences in folk religion and Chinese philosophy. There are three Jewels of Tao that are underlined: compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoism teaches mostly on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos. The reason for all of Taoist’s rules and practices is to have Harmony with the Universe. Another thing that is popular in Taoism is godly fear for ancestor spirits and immortals. There is folk religion Taoism, and then there is organized Taoism, the difference is their rituals. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, Zen Buddhism, many Chinese martial arts, traditional Chinese medicine, and feng shun, and many style of qigong have been weaved with Taoism throughout history. Another philosophy developed in China is Confucianism. It came from the teachings of Confucius; Master Kong, 551-478 B.C. It is a complex system of moral, political, philosophical, social, and part religious thought that influences the culture and history of East Asia. Some East Asian countries consider it to be a state religion because of the adopted philosophies of Confucius. China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam all are influenced by Confucianism as well as Singapore. The very first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang was the patron. Not long after he became emperor, he ordered to have his mausoleum be built. It was ordered to be build at the foot of Li Mountain in Xian. Part of his grave goods was the Terra Cotta warriors. It is believed that it took 700,00 men and 40 years to build the mausoleum. Qin wanted not only to be the greatest king alive, but in his death and for eternity. This is why he would not allow a chance for there to be a rebellion between the 6 states that were in war with each other. The terra cotta army was built there to suppress them, and execute his dream of everlasting. This is why he built the army in his tomb.

Teen Pregnancy in the United States Essay -- Teenage Pregnancy

â€Å"Each year in the U.S. almost one million teenagers become pregnant--at enormous costs to themselves, their children, and society†. (Pregnant Teen Help, Teen Pregnancy Statistics) Some would argue that teen pregnancy is all glorified. Other individuals would protest that it is too influential. Teen pregnancy is a rising social problem in the United States and among other countries. Teen pregnancy is now being publicized as multi media corporations, with shows such as â€Å"16 & Pregnant†, â€Å"Teen Mom†, â€Å"Maury†, â€Å"Secret Life of the American Teenager†, and â€Å"Juno†. All of which concentrate on teen pregnancy. These shows or movies could be informational for young people. However, the shows display an altered reality that teen pregnancy is easy, laughs and joy. Dispite what the shows might portray teen pregnancy is an uprising national and global epidemic. In the past teen pregnancy has been an underline issue that is vastl y taking center stage. Media, education, and economy are all components to this phenomenon, nevertheless, how are they all connected? All of which will all be addressed in the contents of this paper. Which leaves the burning question: is teen pregnancy accepted into our society as a norm, or is it still a deviant act? First and for most, there are many different definitions of teenage pregnancy depending on the source of the information. However, as a broad definition defines teenage pregnancy as â€Å"a female typically between the ages of thirteen and nineteen, typically who hasn’t completed her core education – secondary schools – has few or no marketable skills, is financially dependent upon an older adult typically her parents and or continues to live at home and is typically mentally immature†. (Adolescent Health) Most ... ...March 23, 2011, from http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/about-us Who We Are. (2014). In Planned Parenthood. Web. 29 Mar. 2015. http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are-4648.htm Chandra, A., Martino, S. C., Collins, R. l., Elliot, M. N., Berry, S. H., Kanouse, D. E., & Miu, A. (2008, November 5). Does Watching Sex on Television Predict Teen Pregnancy? Findings From a National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. In Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Web. 29 Mar. 2015. Google Scholar. Teenage Pregnancy and Education. (2010, December 24). In Pregnant Teen Help. Web. 29 Mar. 2015. http://www.pregnantteenhelp.org/teenage-pregnancy-and/teenage-pregnancy-and-education Teen Pregnancy Statistics. (2010, November 23). In Pregnant Teen Help. Retrieved Web. 29 Mar. 2015. http://www.pregnantteenhelp.org/statistics/teen-pregnancy-statistics/

About Belonging

Laird's stories show that all people face challenges no matter where they live In the world. Do you agree? Having a sense of belonging is important for everyone and Laird's short stories, â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† describe the problems people face when they feel isolated. She sets many of her short stories In America and describes the difficulties that some immigrants face when confronted with a new culture, gender expectations or crisis.She also demonstrates, however, how others readily adapt and embrace their new lifestyle. Nonetheless Chumps Lair uses a diverse range of characters to illustrate the human need to feel belonged to one self to others, to feel accepted and have a place to belong. Between the nine short stories that Chumps Lair has written she has set up a range of main characters facing similar problems contrasting their different living styles but comparing the fact that they have problems.Lair wants to explain that everyone can face problems. One of her challenges she has developed with In the short stones Is the demand of a sense of belonging. In â€Å"when Mr. Pravda moms to dine† The first-person speaker is a ten-year-old girl, Lila. Lila faces a problem when she finds herself caught between the traditions of her parent's and American. Her mother understands that Lila Is American – We live here now, she was born here' (p. 26) ? and has little understanding of the politics of India and Pakistan.Yet, something still fascinates Lila about her parent's' homeland. This confusion Lair has developed in her narrator was to demonstrate how important it is to someone to have a sense of belonging to a place and without that feeling they become lost and confused. Alular has revealed feeling a sense of belonging to a place through a young girl and also through an old Indian lady. By comparing Laird's short stories, It illustrates the struggles people face when they have a loss of belonging to a place, or others.Similar to All In â€Å"when Mr. Piranha came to dine† Mrs. Seen in the story by the same name, folds herself lost in a different culture and Is unwilling to adapt to that culture. Mrs. Seen is an old Indian woman who came to America; living In one country for most of her life she feels a sense of belonging to that culture and no matter where she goes she refuses to change her expectations due to the place she is in. This inability to conform to her new society is shown by her inability and unwillingness to learn how to drive.Her separation from the culture she is living in is shown when she is on a bus with a ‘bloodlines bag' (p. 132) full of fish and a woman with ‘a crisp white bag from the drugstore' (p. 132) tells the bus driver. Mrs. Seen Is living In a world where blood and the real world are ever- present, a distinct contrast with the antiseptic world of America. Lair Illustrate the same problem of being forced to adapt and change to survive In another culture with anothe r old Indian woman.In a † real Durban† Boor' ma works in America and wishes to have a sense of belonging with that country and culture which is unlike Mrs. Seen who refuses to change. Lair wants to demonstrate a similar ‘OFF in accepting change. Boor ma seeks to find belonging to a place but then is rejected due to the untrusting of another culture. â€Å"We shared our coal, gave her a place to sleep, how could she betray us like this. â€Å"P. 81 . Boor ma wishes to connect to a culture, to others as well as to a place. Not being accepted in any of those could create a loss f your true identity.Being confused about your identity is a universally human problem people face. Many people try to find a sense of belonging within them. Being confused about your identity is a hard Journey to achieve a comfortable and true description of yourself. Lair illustrates this tough Journey In ‘Sexy. Miranda tries on a number of identities in her search to feel comfortable within her. She recalls being exploited when she was younger; however, the affair with Deep offers her hope that she can establish a new sense of self. â€Å"Pressed her face against Dive's engineers intertwined with hers† p. 4 revealing the extent that Miranda was trying to steal someone else's identity and not seek her own. Lair explores the idea that identity, is something that must be hunted. We gain a sense of identity through family, society and culture. For the culturally displaced, this is a difficult endeavourer. The search for identity is universal. Chumps Lair has created a diverse collection of characters from young to the old and different cultures, to reveal that problems anyone can face are universal. One of the problems Chumps Lair has created is a universal human desire to belong.Unable to adapt to a different culture or not being accepted, is a tough challenge people face in order to have a sense of belonging. Being tied between two different cultures can s park confusion in where you're meant to belong. In addition trying to find a sense of belonging within themselves in a problem that faces many characters Chumps Lair has created. Ultimately Chumps Laird's key message is that anyone regardless of their culture, origin, age, or gender can face similar problems, which makes it harder for them to have a sense of belonging.

Food Manifesto Essay

The ideal food system is; sustainable, both in practice and in mindset, values necessity over want whenever food is concerned, and is available to all peoples while promoting equality. Sustainability at its hear is both a practice and a mindset. One cannot be present without the other or else they fail. The current food system is incredibly unsustainable. The use of an enormous amount of resources for the relatively small amount of energy produced is horrendous. â€Å"During the past 50 years, agricultural development policies and practices have successfully emphasized external inputs as the means to increase food production. This has led to growth in global consumption of pesticides, inorganic fertilizer, animal feedstuffs, and tractors and other machinery. These external inputs have. however, tended to substitute for natural processes and resources, rendering them more vulnerable. Pesticides have replaced biological, cultural and mechanical methods for controlling pests, weeds and diseases; inorganic fertilizers have been substituted for livestock manures, composts and nitrogen-fixing crops: information for management decisions comes from input suppliers, researchers rather than from local sources: machines have replaced labor: and fossil fuels have been substituted for local energy sources† (Pretty). The use of resources that we cannot keep using is astronomical. These resources, such as fossil fuels and heavy pesticides, need to be left alone or need to stop being developed. The way we can move away from these products is simple, although tough, method of switching over to natural, organic pesticides and fertilizers. To cut down on the cost and use of fossil fuels, one must cut down on the size of one’s land and employ local people to harvest the crops. â€Å"A meat based diet (28% calories from animal products) uses twice as much energy to produce as a vegetarian diet. Meat production as it is widely practiced today also has significant environmental impacts on land use, water use and water pollution, and air emissions. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists – considering land use, and water use and pollution – eating less meat is one of the most effective environmental consumer choices. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides require large amounts of energy to produce, pollute our soil and water, and present real human health impacts. Growth in retail sales of organic food products has equaled 20% or more per year since 1990† (Center for Sustainable Systems). These practices are wasteful yet alternatives are present. The way in which our food is produced needs to be fundamentally changed and this occurs when the mindset of the populous is changed. The current food system has been so wasteful, that the practices and mindset of the people just 50 years ago seems foreign. â€Å"Less than 50 years ago most rural households in the US sustained themselves by farming. While some agricultural products were sold for money on the open market, others were produced solely for household consumption of for bartering with neighbors† (Lyson 8). This practice is the same that my family uses at home and my neighbors see us as very â€Å"hippy-ish†. This is not a bad thing to be called this yet it is odd that the practices that were completely normal just half a century ago are now seen as unusual. These practices are the foundation of my ideal food system, one that is founded upon the wants of the body first in consideration with the land. The land is an extension of the body and must be nourished just the same. This is helped with the sharing of resources between neighbors. The necessity for food is valued higher than the want for types of food in my ideal food system. The want for expensive foods, convenient foods and cheap foods is an idea that has consumed the country, and the food system. The fact that we produce so much food has made us greedy. The way in which we consume food and are constantly absorbing advertisements is preposterous. The size of our grocery stores has increased due to the need for more space for all of the choices that we are allowed. Most of these items are not grown entirely in the United States but are made up from the products developed here. â€Å"There is no shortage of food here, and everybody knows it. In fact, for much of this century, national agricultural policy has been preoccupied with surplus, and individual Americans have been preoccupied with avoiding, losing, or hiding the corporeal effects of overeating† (Poppendieck). This has led to an epidemic of choice, not obesity. The way in which we behave when confronted with these choices is odd to say the least as we are drawn to shiny, bright packaging rather than the dull, healthy apple. â€Å"Because we have lost our faith in both religion and science as guides to eating, we rely on popular writers to steer us through a welter of confusing and contradictory information† (DuPuis). The food writers of the nation have left us with so much to absorb that we are just as lost reading their work as we are at the grocery store. This has led to the mindless consumption that has further led to the overconsumption of resources to fuel our poor habits. The way in which the people will learn to implement this new way of thinking, abandon want and embrace need, will be difficult. This starts in schools with children and will foster that way that they eat, thus starting a new generation with the â€Å"right† mentality. â€Å"Such changes in the food supply and decreased activity are largely socioeconomically-driven (urbanization, more cars owned and operated, less safety in urban areas, children being driven everywhere instead of walking, more reliance on fast food as more households have both parents working away from home)† (Massad). This also reiterates my point on the decrease of unsustainable resources in our food system. The encouragement for people to walk places and to avoid fast food is a start but the children are the bet recipients for this type of indoctrination as they are the most impressionable. This is very apparent as many people as adults take part in activities not out of personal preference but because that was how they were raised. Availability is the clearest factor in devising a new food system. The locality of food should be so much a part of a community, one cannot walk down a street without seeing at least 5 vendors from the surrounding family farms. â€Å"Much of what was produced was not sold on the open market but rather was bartered for goods and services in the local community or else used for home consumption† (Lyson 9). The way that a local food system should work is that food should be produce for the family first, and then the surplus will be offered in town for money. When money is not readily available, then services will be exchanged such as plumbing, painting, clothing, etc. The need to share food is important for all people as just years ago food was â€Å"produced solely for household consumption or for bartering with neighbors† (Lyson 8). This is the only way in which our local food system will be able to flourish with the implementation of a semi bartering system that will allow farmers and families to exchange food items for other food items. This is only possible with a local food system as the current food system is too monetarily based to be able to function in this respect. The solidarity of humankind to be courteous to one another begins not with the treatment of all people equally, but the treatment of the food system as a living organism. This is possible through much sacrifice but a change is necessary in order for the human race to end a problem that has haunted us for all of our existence. Through a collective effort, the new sustainable, local food system focusing on the needs of people as opposed to what people want from it, will be able to bring humankind into a â€Å"more glorious dawn. † (Sagan) DuPuis, E. Melanie. â€Å"Angels and Vegetables: A Brief History of Food Advice in America. † Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture 7, no. 3 (08/01 2007): 34-44. Lyson, Thomas A. Civic Agriculture: Reconnecting Farm, Food, and Community. Medford, Massachusetts: Tufts University Press, 2004. Massad, Susan J. â€Å"Super-Sizing America: Geography, Income, Fast Food, and Whole Food. † Human Geography 2, no. 2 (2009): 52-69. McKibben, Bill. â€Å"The Cuba Diet. † Harper’s Magazine 310, no. 1859 (Apr 2005): 61-69. Poppendieck, Janet. â€Å"Want Amid Plenty: From Hunger to Inequality. † In Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment, edited by Fred Magdoff, John Bellamy Foster and Frederick H. Buttel, 189-202. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000. Pretty, Jules N. â€Å"Participatory Learning for Sustainable Agriculture. † World Development 23, no. 8 (1995): 1247-63. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York: Perennial, 2002.

Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders

Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female OffendersViolent crime is one of the components of the overall structure of crime, which includes offenses related to physical and psychological violence against the person, or the threat of violence. Violent crime, in a broad sense, includes all the acts in which violence is a way to abuse, and, in the narrow sense, it includes only those actions in which violence is one of the elements of criminal motivation.Violence is defined as: 1) the use of physical force to someone; 2) the use of force, forced impact on someone, something; 3) the harassment, abuse of power, lawless use of force.Not all violence is a subject of criminology, but only when it is associated with a violation of criminal law (criminal violence). There are two types of such violence:Physical abuse the infliction of physical, bodily harm to the person, up to the deprivation of his life.Psychological violence causing mental, moral damages: threats, insults, slander, blac kmail, coercion, and all kinds of restrictions on the freedom of person; and some types of fraud, psycho and economic methods.Violence is a primary or secondary means of committing so many crimes. Different countries name various groups of violent crimes:Statistical Yearbook of the United States at the federal level notes the following types of violent crimes: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault.Notifiable Offences recorded by Police of England and Wales include all kinds of crimes against the person, including, for example, an illegal abortion; sexual crimes (including pimping and bigamy) and robberies into the number of violent attacks.In Germany, the Collection of crime statistics include murder, rape, robbery, injury, poisoning, hostage-taking and extortion related to the kidnapping into violent crimes.The share of traditional forms of violent crime in its overall structure is quite small. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of law enforcement is assessed on the basis of estim ations of the most serious crimes.Murder is one of the most ancient and dangerous types of crimes. Murder is a crime in all legal systems, although, there are certain differences in understanding of what should be regarded as murder (Samaha, 2008).In 2000, the absolute number of murders in the world was more than 500 000. This number in various countries differ greatly. In most developed countries observe 1-4 murders per 100 000 population; the lowest rates were observed in Japan, Iceland, Ireland (about 0.5); the USA is a little above the middle figure (5.5). In developing countries, the murder rate is much higher, it can reach 40-50 per 100 000 population or even higher values.The most common among sexual offenses involving violence, is rape. Its danger lies in the fact that the victim is inflicted both physical and mental suffering. Rape is often associated with serious lasting effects, including infection with sexually transmitted diseases, mental illness and even suicide of a v ictim.8th Review of trends in crime, presented by the United Nations indicates that in 2001 and 2002 in the world, there were registered annually more than 250,000 rape. Characterizing the numbers of rape, it should be noted that rape has a high latency. Even in countries with a highly developed system of law enforcement, more than 80 percent of rapes are hidden from law enforcement agencies (Langton, Truman, 2014).Robbery is a forcible theft of anothers property. It is an attack the purpose of which is stealing other peoples property, committed with violence dangerous to life or health, or with threat of such violence.Aggravated assault is a stronger form of assault, often with a use of deadly weapon attempting to cause serious bodily injury to another person, cause grievous bodily harm, such as rape or kidnapping, have sexual relations with an underage person, or cause bodily harm by recklessly operating of a vehicle.In general, violent crimes are rarely committed by women: there are around 90% of male violent criminals. Women usually resort to domestic violence, especially in connection with the immoral and illegal behavior of the victim usually a spouse or cohabitant. Violent criminals are usually quite young – less then 40 years old. Crimes, related to the deprivation victim’s life and personal injury, are frequently committed by persons aged 25-29 years, rapes by persons under 25 years old.Educational and social levels of violent offenders are lower than that of other categories of offenders and general population. Typically, these individuals have relatively low skills, work in low-paid jobs or do not work.Violent criminals inherent violation of social identification and adaptation, desociolization. They hardly follow standards of society, instead assessing the situation on the basis of personal beliefs and desires. They are self-centered, have primitive needs and impulsive desire for the realization of desires and needs, not restrained by self-monitoring mechanism. Violations of socialization are manifested in difficulties in establishing contacts with other people. Such persons are characterized by psychological self-defense mechanism: they believe that the actions, they are accused for, have been provoked by victims, and they acted correctly and should not be punished. Intensity of such deviations may be different. There are many psychopaths among criminals (estimates vary from 30 to 60%) and those with borderline mental disorders.Some scientists believe that forming of personality of violent criminals depends on biological and genetic predisposition. However, commonly accepted viewpoint claims that determination of violent crime, as well as crime in general, has a predominantly social nature: the causes and conditions of crime lie in the society in which it exists (Samaha, 2008).An important place in the causal complex of many violent crimes is occupied by victim behavior of victims. This is especially characte ristic of rape, where a substantial part of the victims themselves provokes criminal sexual contact (usually frivolous behavior in the situation related to the joint use of alcohol with the rapist.Literature ReviewFemale criminality has always been perceived as a less serious issue than male criminal behavior. Historically, females tend to commit minor crimes and have amounted only a small proportion in total number of offenders. Ten though women remain a relatively small amount of all prisoners, there is a trend in rising of percentage among female offenders, their participation in crimes connected with violent, and have inhibited the increase of gender-specific programs addressing the problem (Greenfeld, Snell, 1999).Female offenders have different needs comparing to males, stemming in part from their own disproportionate victimization from physical or sexual abuse and their sense of responsibility for dependant children. Besides, they are more likely to have drug addiction and to have mental illnesses (Morash, Bynum, Koons, 1998).In general, younger females delinquent acts usually have less chronic and less serious character in comparison with boys. Minor offenses dominate among female criminals. However, minor crimes may mask serious problems that girls are facing. Running away from parents’ home and other status offenses are the main components of girls delinquency. Even though their offense behavior may appear to be not very serious, such girls may be suffering from serious problems and victimization, involving illegal behavior by relatives. That, in turn, can make them open to subsequent victimization and engage in other types of behavior that violates the law such as prostitution, survival sex and drug use (Heidensohn, Silvestri, 2012).Many risk factors contribute to females’ criminal behavior, including substance abuse, spousal abuse and mental illness. One of the most significant risk factors is considered to be prior victimization (Mor ash, Bynum, Koons, 1998).The Federal Bureau of Investigation with the help of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program collects crime and arrest statistics from more than 18,000 city, county, and state law enforcement agencies. Crime in the United States, 2012 released in November 2013 reveals the information that, during 2012:In the whole country, law enforcement made 12,196,959 arrests (traffic violations are not included).2% of them were of females (â€Å"Women and Girls in the Justice System,† 2014).According to OJJDPs (the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preventions)  Juvenile Court Statistics 2010,  released in June 2013:Courts with juvenile jurisdiction held an estimated 1,368,200 law-breaking cases in 2010.28% of them were with female offenders.In general, female delinquency caseload raised at an average rate of 2 percent per year between 1985 and 2010, while the average rate increased for less than 1 percent per year for males (â€Å"Women and Girls in the Justice System,† 2014).According to the resource of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013 – Statistical Tables, which shows data collected from the  Annual Survey of Jails, the number of female convicts increased by 10.9% between midyear 2010 and 2013. In same period, the male inmate population declined for 4.2%.According to OJJDP’s 2011 Survey of Youth in Residential Placement, females amounted 14% of all youth in residential placement (Ginder, 2014).The Bureau of Justice Statistics Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey provide total number of all persons supervised in the community and counts of the number entering and leaving supervision during the year on all the territory of the USA. According to provided information:In 2012, approximately 24 percent of the adults on probation were femaleIn 2012, approximately 11% of the adults on parole were femaleIn 2010, nearly 19% of the federal offenders under supervision wer e femaleBased on self-reports of violence victims, women represent about 14 percent among all violent offenders, which is an average of around 2.1 million of violent female offenders per year.There is 1 violent offender in every 9 men of 10 years old or older, a per capita rate six times that among women. In 1998, 3 out of 4 violent female criminals committed simple assault. About 28 percent of violent female offenders were juveniles, and 3 out of 4 victims of female offenders’ violence were women. Around two out of three victims had some kind of prior relationship with a female offender. An estimated four in ten women who committed violent offences were perceived by their victims as being drunk and/or under drugs while committing the crime. The per capita rate for murders committed by females in 1998 was on the lowest point recorded since 1976. In 1998, approximately 3.2 million women were arrested, considering for about 22 percent of all arrests that year. And the per capit a rate in arrest among juvenile women was about twice the adult female rate. It is worth mentioning that between 1990 and 1998, the number of the female defendants, who were convicted of felonies in courts of the United States grew at more than twice the rate of growth among male defendants. In 1998, the number of women that were under the care, supervision, or control of correctional agencies amounted 950,000. Parole agencies or probation supervised 85 percent of these criminals in the community. Women under the supervision of agencies of criminal justice system were mothers of about 1.3 million minor children. Nearly six in ten women in American prisons had experienced sexual or physical abuse in the past. Around 84,000 women were imprisoned in 1998 (Greenfeld, L. A., Snell, 1999).There have been noted some substantial differences in behavior and treatment of defendants in courts on the basis of their gender. Criminologist Frances Heidensohn says that judges and juries often have difficulties in isolating the fact that the defendant is a woman and the fact that she also can be a mother, a widow, she can be attractive, or she may cry on the stand. Besides, male and female defendants note that in court they have been encouraged to behave differently in accordance with the gender; women have been advised to show mute passivity, at the same time men have been advised to assert themselves in testimony and cross-examinations (Heidensohn, Silvestri, 2012).There are two thoughts on the issue if criminal justice system has a gender bias and if men and women are treated differently in courts and police.The first one is chivalry thesis, where chivalry is treating others, mostly women with courtesy, respect and sympathy. According to chivalry theory women are treated more leniently by the system of criminal justice than men. Male chivalry means that often police are less likely to charge females, and courts tend to give them a lighter sentence, even in situations when t hey have committed the same crimes as men.The second theory is called double deviance theory. According to this theory, criminal justice system treats women more harshly because they are guilty of being doubly deviant. They deviated from norms accepted by society by breaking the law and, at the same time, deviated from gender norms, which tell how woman should behave.Many female offenders feel that they have been treated harshly by the system of criminal justice. They perceive it as a male-dominated institution and feel their treatment has been unjust and unsympathetic (Heidensohn, Silvestri, 2012).After arrest, women more often than men are cautioned instead of being charged. They are usually not committed for trial or remanded in custody. Female offenders have more chances to be discharged or to be given a community sentence than men and less likely to be sentenced to prison or fined. Often, women sent to prison get shorter sentences than men. This information suggests that the sy stem of criminal justice does treat woman more leniently. Though, we also need to take into account the seriousness of committed crime and difference in crime history. Female offences are usually less serious and women are less likely to have criminal records (Bryant, 2011).Disparity in the treatment of criminals involved in the system of criminal justice has been the subject of a substantial number of research over the past decades. Probably, the most compelling evidence of inequality is found in the demographics among the convicts in federal and state prisons in the United States. Most of prisoners in our nations prisons are men, mostly black or Hispanic. These disparities in imprisonment rates, which have been noted for more than three decades, have made researchers to focus on the sentencing stage while criminal justice process. They also have led policymakers to search for ways in order to constrain judicial discretion while sentencing (Stacey, Spohn, 2006).Ann Martin Stacey an d Cassia Spohn wrote the work in B Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law â€Å"Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts†. The studies show that blacks and Hispanics are more likely to receive harsher sentences than whites in similar situation, and that the sentences imposed on female offenders, including violent female offenders, are substantially more lenient than the ones imposed on their male counterparts.Studies note that gender effects of favoring female offenders over male ones occur at a significantly higher percentage than race effects of favoring white offenders over the black ones. There is one explanation for this, which suggests that women are more likely to be sentenced more leniently than men because they are often convicted of less serious offences and have less serious criminal records. Another explanation reveal judges percept women as childlike and dependent, and they wa nt to protect women from the severity of jail or prison.These explanations of gender disparity in sentencing show how important it is to control adequately for legally related indicators of crime seriousness and prior criminal record, along with the importance of taking into consideration potential connections between the gender of the offender and other legally irrelevant characteristics of the offender. We focus on interactions between the gender of the offender, his/her marital status, offenders responsibility for dependent children, and the severity of offender’s sentence (Langton, Truman, 2014).Studies, conducted by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn found that judges and prosecutors take the gender of the offender into account, while sentencing decisions are not affected by the offenders marital status or responsibility for dependent children. Besides, females with dependent children are usually treated about the same compared to similarly situated men with dependent ch ildren in terms of length of the imposed sentence and the scale of substantial support departures. Nevertheless, although women with children were notably more likely than women without children to get substantial assistance departures, men with children didn’t get same benefit.Researchers on sentencing in federal and state courts found that female offenders were treated more leniently than male criminals. The study show, that female offenders, including violent crimes, have received approximately ten months shorter sentences than the sentences imposed on male offenders in similar situation. Women also were significantly more likely than men to get a downward departure for providing substantial assistance.Essay on   Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part 2