The cost of capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The cost of capital - Essay Example The formula determines the appropriate expected return of alternative projects. The cost of capital is the amount that the investor has to pay in order to generate a series of future dividend incomes, return of investments (Sheridian, Martin & Keown, 2010). For example, Geoff Black (2010) reiterated the business earns $1,000,000 in one year. The profits will grow by 2 percent per year, and the company generates a net worth of $16,666,667 after two years. The cost of capital is arrived at as follows:After computing the formula, X is equal to 8 percent cost of capital figure. Further, the cost of capital can include the return that the stock market investors are expected to earn from their investments in a company. The firm that generates revenues more than the amount of cost of capital will entice the company’s current and prospective investors to invest additional funds into the invested company’s coffers.For example, Microsoft generated a 53 percent return on its equit y. The company’s equity is $7.2 billion. Computing, the company’s return on equity is $3.8 Billion. If the company’s cost of capital is 14 percent, the company’s cost of capital is $1.0 Billion. The company’s residual income is $2.8 Billion. ($3.8 Billion - $ 1.0 Billion). Another term for the $2.8 Billion net income is residual income or Economic Value Added (EVA). Under the Economic Value Added (EVA), management is faced with the financial question whether the assets can be better used in other areas or by fresh management.

Chinese Culture Essay Example for Free

Chinese Culture Essay Chinese Culture changed during the Qin Dynasty. There was an increase in trade, agriculture, and military protection. The central government now had direct control of the population, allowing the ability to have a much bigger workforce. Many projects such as the Great Wall of China were done because of this. The Qin Dynasty had several reforms in China’s society; such as money, advanced writing system, and the weights and measurements became the same units. Book burning and burying of scholars occurred due to the desire to purge all traces of the old dynasties. The Qin’s military was revolutionary due to the fact of more developed weaponry, transportation, and military tactics. All this was done even though China’s government was strict and bureaucratic. Future Chinese regimes were influenced because of this Dynasty. Qin Shihuang was the emperor that was buried in the tomb. He was the first emperor of China. After 200 years of war between 6 states, he unified China. His rule only lasted for 15 years, but left a lasting impact on the country’s history. A few of Qin’s remnants were the legalist principles, a Chinese philosophy that followed hard discipline agreeing to the rule of law. This belief helped Qin to rule the masses in a more centered power order and show a very influential way to rule, but this did now allow for disagreement to occur. Qin introduced a uniform written language which helped the government to communicate and carry out policies. Scholars could share information to a bigger population which helped lead to the transfer of culture. Having one language helped the later dynasties to communicate with the nomads and pass along information on how to compromise or fight with them. The invention of constructing roads allowed better connection between major cities and provinces. The dynasty standardized the length of axles in carts so they could all ride on new roads. The construction of the Great Wall of China made a mark in history for the country’s boundaries, causing a greater unity. The nomadic tribes in the north were not able to attack because of the Great Wall protecting its Country. They dynasty standardizes all weights and measures, leading to a more effortless exchange of goods, and developing a taxation system. The Chinese money is also made equal all over, allowing even more efficiency of exchange in goods. Qin Shihuang had a lasting impact in the power of leadership in China. After his death in 206 BCE, his son, and later his grandson, took power but bother were short lived. The Qin Dynasty ended in 206 BCE. After his death, the same states that were in war before he became the emperor, began to fight again and many leaders sprang up over China until the Han Dynasty. Even though this happened, the lasting effects of practices that were put in place in the Qin Dynasty, lasted throughout the centuries. Qin’s power came from his top-down rule, and people conformed to his rule because of his powerful personality. They followed him because he showed them a vast difference in comparison to their small kingdoms, giving a way to a beginning of a future nation-state. The fact that China is names after Qin just goes to show how big of an influence he really was. For more than 2 thousand years Taoism has been the religious tradition that has influenced the people of East Asia. The work, Tao means the â€Å"path† or â€Å"way†, but with numerous subtle differences in folk religion and Chinese philosophy. There are three Jewels of Tao that are underlined: compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoism teaches mostly on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos. The reason for all of Taoist’s rules and practices is to have Harmony with the Universe. Another thing that is popular in Taoism is godly fear for ancestor spirits and immortals. There is folk religion Taoism, and then there is organized Taoism, the difference is their rituals. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, Zen Buddhism, many Chinese martial arts, traditional Chinese medicine, and feng shun, and many style of qigong have been weaved with Taoism throughout history. Another philosophy developed in China is Confucianism. It came from the teachings of Confucius; Master Kong, 551-478 B.C. It is a complex system of moral, political, philosophical, social, and part religious thought that influences the culture and history of East Asia. Some East Asian countries consider it to be a state religion because of the adopted philosophies of Confucius. China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam all are influenced by Confucianism as well as Singapore. The very first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang was the patron. Not long after he became emperor, he ordered to have his mausoleum be built. It was ordered to be build at the foot of Li Mountain in Xian. Part of his grave goods was the Terra Cotta warriors. It is believed that it took 700,00 men and 40 years to build the mausoleum. Qin wanted not only to be the greatest king alive, but in his death and for eternity. This is why he would not allow a chance for there to be a rebellion between the 6 states that were in war with each other. The terra cotta army was built there to suppress them, and execute his dream of everlasting. This is why he built the army in his tomb.

Teen Pregnancy in the United States Essay -- Teenage Pregnancy

â€Å"Each year in the U.S. almost one million teenagers become pregnant--at enormous costs to themselves, their children, and society†. (Pregnant Teen Help, Teen Pregnancy Statistics) Some would argue that teen pregnancy is all glorified. Other individuals would protest that it is too influential. Teen pregnancy is a rising social problem in the United States and among other countries. Teen pregnancy is now being publicized as multi media corporations, with shows such as â€Å"16 & Pregnant†, â€Å"Teen Mom†, â€Å"Maury†, â€Å"Secret Life of the American Teenager†, and â€Å"Juno†. All of which concentrate on teen pregnancy. These shows or movies could be informational for young people. However, the shows display an altered reality that teen pregnancy is easy, laughs and joy. Dispite what the shows might portray teen pregnancy is an uprising national and global epidemic. In the past teen pregnancy has been an underline issue that is vastl y taking center stage. Media, education, and economy are all components to this phenomenon, nevertheless, how are they all connected? All of which will all be addressed in the contents of this paper. Which leaves the burning question: is teen pregnancy accepted into our society as a norm, or is it still a deviant act? First and for most, there are many different definitions of teenage pregnancy depending on the source of the information. However, as a broad definition defines teenage pregnancy as â€Å"a female typically between the ages of thirteen and nineteen, typically who hasn’t completed her core education – secondary schools – has few or no marketable skills, is financially dependent upon an older adult typically her parents and or continues to live at home and is typically mentally immature†. (Adolescent Health) Most ... ...March 23, 2011, from http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/about-us Who We Are. (2014). In Planned Parenthood. Web. 29 Mar. 2015. http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are-4648.htm Chandra, A., Martino, S. C., Collins, R. l., Elliot, M. N., Berry, S. H., Kanouse, D. E., & Miu, A. (2008, November 5). Does Watching Sex on Television Predict Teen Pregnancy? Findings From a National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. In Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Web. 29 Mar. 2015. Google Scholar. Teenage Pregnancy and Education. (2010, December 24). In Pregnant Teen Help. Web. 29 Mar. 2015. http://www.pregnantteenhelp.org/teenage-pregnancy-and/teenage-pregnancy-and-education Teen Pregnancy Statistics. (2010, November 23). In Pregnant Teen Help. Retrieved Web. 29 Mar. 2015. http://www.pregnantteenhelp.org/statistics/teen-pregnancy-statistics/

About Belonging

Laird's stories show that all people face challenges no matter where they live In the world. Do you agree? Having a sense of belonging is important for everyone and Laird's short stories, â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† describe the problems people face when they feel isolated. She sets many of her short stories In America and describes the difficulties that some immigrants face when confronted with a new culture, gender expectations or crisis.She also demonstrates, however, how others readily adapt and embrace their new lifestyle. Nonetheless Chumps Lair uses a diverse range of characters to illustrate the human need to feel belonged to one self to others, to feel accepted and have a place to belong. Between the nine short stories that Chumps Lair has written she has set up a range of main characters facing similar problems contrasting their different living styles but comparing the fact that they have problems.Lair wants to explain that everyone can face problems. One of her challenges she has developed with In the short stones Is the demand of a sense of belonging. In â€Å"when Mr. Pravda moms to dine† The first-person speaker is a ten-year-old girl, Lila. Lila faces a problem when she finds herself caught between the traditions of her parent's and American. Her mother understands that Lila Is American – We live here now, she was born here' (p. 26) ? and has little understanding of the politics of India and Pakistan.Yet, something still fascinates Lila about her parent's' homeland. This confusion Lair has developed in her narrator was to demonstrate how important it is to someone to have a sense of belonging to a place and without that feeling they become lost and confused. Alular has revealed feeling a sense of belonging to a place through a young girl and also through an old Indian lady. By comparing Laird's short stories, It illustrates the struggles people face when they have a loss of belonging to a place, or others.Similar to All In â€Å"when Mr. Piranha came to dine† Mrs. Seen in the story by the same name, folds herself lost in a different culture and Is unwilling to adapt to that culture. Mrs. Seen is an old Indian woman who came to America; living In one country for most of her life she feels a sense of belonging to that culture and no matter where she goes she refuses to change her expectations due to the place she is in. This inability to conform to her new society is shown by her inability and unwillingness to learn how to drive.Her separation from the culture she is living in is shown when she is on a bus with a ‘bloodlines bag' (p. 132) full of fish and a woman with ‘a crisp white bag from the drugstore' (p. 132) tells the bus driver. Mrs. Seen Is living In a world where blood and the real world are ever- present, a distinct contrast with the antiseptic world of America. Lair Illustrate the same problem of being forced to adapt and change to survive In another culture with anothe r old Indian woman.In a † real Durban† Boor' ma works in America and wishes to have a sense of belonging with that country and culture which is unlike Mrs. Seen who refuses to change. Lair wants to demonstrate a similar ‘OFF in accepting change. Boor ma seeks to find belonging to a place but then is rejected due to the untrusting of another culture. â€Å"We shared our coal, gave her a place to sleep, how could she betray us like this. â€Å"P. 81 . Boor ma wishes to connect to a culture, to others as well as to a place. Not being accepted in any of those could create a loss f your true identity.Being confused about your identity is a universally human problem people face. Many people try to find a sense of belonging within them. Being confused about your identity is a hard Journey to achieve a comfortable and true description of yourself. Lair illustrates this tough Journey In ‘Sexy. Miranda tries on a number of identities in her search to feel comfortable within her. She recalls being exploited when she was younger; however, the affair with Deep offers her hope that she can establish a new sense of self. â€Å"Pressed her face against Dive's engineers intertwined with hers† p. 4 revealing the extent that Miranda was trying to steal someone else's identity and not seek her own. Lair explores the idea that identity, is something that must be hunted. We gain a sense of identity through family, society and culture. For the culturally displaced, this is a difficult endeavourer. The search for identity is universal. Chumps Lair has created a diverse collection of characters from young to the old and different cultures, to reveal that problems anyone can face are universal. One of the problems Chumps Lair has created is a universal human desire to belong.Unable to adapt to a different culture or not being accepted, is a tough challenge people face in order to have a sense of belonging. Being tied between two different cultures can s park confusion in where you're meant to belong. In addition trying to find a sense of belonging within themselves in a problem that faces many characters Chumps Lair has created. Ultimately Chumps Laird's key message is that anyone regardless of their culture, origin, age, or gender can face similar problems, which makes it harder for them to have a sense of belonging.

Food Manifesto Essay

The ideal food system is; sustainable, both in practice and in mindset, values necessity over want whenever food is concerned, and is available to all peoples while promoting equality. Sustainability at its hear is both a practice and a mindset. One cannot be present without the other or else they fail. The current food system is incredibly unsustainable. The use of an enormous amount of resources for the relatively small amount of energy produced is horrendous. â€Å"During the past 50 years, agricultural development policies and practices have successfully emphasized external inputs as the means to increase food production. This has led to growth in global consumption of pesticides, inorganic fertilizer, animal feedstuffs, and tractors and other machinery. These external inputs have. however, tended to substitute for natural processes and resources, rendering them more vulnerable. Pesticides have replaced biological, cultural and mechanical methods for controlling pests, weeds and diseases; inorganic fertilizers have been substituted for livestock manures, composts and nitrogen-fixing crops: information for management decisions comes from input suppliers, researchers rather than from local sources: machines have replaced labor: and fossil fuels have been substituted for local energy sources† (Pretty). The use of resources that we cannot keep using is astronomical. These resources, such as fossil fuels and heavy pesticides, need to be left alone or need to stop being developed. The way we can move away from these products is simple, although tough, method of switching over to natural, organic pesticides and fertilizers. To cut down on the cost and use of fossil fuels, one must cut down on the size of one’s land and employ local people to harvest the crops. â€Å"A meat based diet (28% calories from animal products) uses twice as much energy to produce as a vegetarian diet. Meat production as it is widely practiced today also has significant environmental impacts on land use, water use and water pollution, and air emissions. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists – considering land use, and water use and pollution – eating less meat is one of the most effective environmental consumer choices. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides require large amounts of energy to produce, pollute our soil and water, and present real human health impacts. Growth in retail sales of organic food products has equaled 20% or more per year since 1990† (Center for Sustainable Systems). These practices are wasteful yet alternatives are present. The way in which our food is produced needs to be fundamentally changed and this occurs when the mindset of the populous is changed. The current food system has been so wasteful, that the practices and mindset of the people just 50 years ago seems foreign. â€Å"Less than 50 years ago most rural households in the US sustained themselves by farming. While some agricultural products were sold for money on the open market, others were produced solely for household consumption of for bartering with neighbors† (Lyson 8). This practice is the same that my family uses at home and my neighbors see us as very â€Å"hippy-ish†. This is not a bad thing to be called this yet it is odd that the practices that were completely normal just half a century ago are now seen as unusual. These practices are the foundation of my ideal food system, one that is founded upon the wants of the body first in consideration with the land. The land is an extension of the body and must be nourished just the same. This is helped with the sharing of resources between neighbors. The necessity for food is valued higher than the want for types of food in my ideal food system. The want for expensive foods, convenient foods and cheap foods is an idea that has consumed the country, and the food system. The fact that we produce so much food has made us greedy. The way in which we consume food and are constantly absorbing advertisements is preposterous. The size of our grocery stores has increased due to the need for more space for all of the choices that we are allowed. Most of these items are not grown entirely in the United States but are made up from the products developed here. â€Å"There is no shortage of food here, and everybody knows it. In fact, for much of this century, national agricultural policy has been preoccupied with surplus, and individual Americans have been preoccupied with avoiding, losing, or hiding the corporeal effects of overeating† (Poppendieck). This has led to an epidemic of choice, not obesity. The way in which we behave when confronted with these choices is odd to say the least as we are drawn to shiny, bright packaging rather than the dull, healthy apple. â€Å"Because we have lost our faith in both religion and science as guides to eating, we rely on popular writers to steer us through a welter of confusing and contradictory information† (DuPuis). The food writers of the nation have left us with so much to absorb that we are just as lost reading their work as we are at the grocery store. This has led to the mindless consumption that has further led to the overconsumption of resources to fuel our poor habits. The way in which the people will learn to implement this new way of thinking, abandon want and embrace need, will be difficult. This starts in schools with children and will foster that way that they eat, thus starting a new generation with the â€Å"right† mentality. â€Å"Such changes in the food supply and decreased activity are largely socioeconomically-driven (urbanization, more cars owned and operated, less safety in urban areas, children being driven everywhere instead of walking, more reliance on fast food as more households have both parents working away from home)† (Massad). This also reiterates my point on the decrease of unsustainable resources in our food system. The encouragement for people to walk places and to avoid fast food is a start but the children are the bet recipients for this type of indoctrination as they are the most impressionable. This is very apparent as many people as adults take part in activities not out of personal preference but because that was how they were raised. Availability is the clearest factor in devising a new food system. The locality of food should be so much a part of a community, one cannot walk down a street without seeing at least 5 vendors from the surrounding family farms. â€Å"Much of what was produced was not sold on the open market but rather was bartered for goods and services in the local community or else used for home consumption† (Lyson 9). The way that a local food system should work is that food should be produce for the family first, and then the surplus will be offered in town for money. When money is not readily available, then services will be exchanged such as plumbing, painting, clothing, etc. The need to share food is important for all people as just years ago food was â€Å"produced solely for household consumption or for bartering with neighbors† (Lyson 8). This is the only way in which our local food system will be able to flourish with the implementation of a semi bartering system that will allow farmers and families to exchange food items for other food items. This is only possible with a local food system as the current food system is too monetarily based to be able to function in this respect. The solidarity of humankind to be courteous to one another begins not with the treatment of all people equally, but the treatment of the food system as a living organism. This is possible through much sacrifice but a change is necessary in order for the human race to end a problem that has haunted us for all of our existence. Through a collective effort, the new sustainable, local food system focusing on the needs of people as opposed to what people want from it, will be able to bring humankind into a â€Å"more glorious dawn. † (Sagan) DuPuis, E. Melanie. â€Å"Angels and Vegetables: A Brief History of Food Advice in America. † Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture 7, no. 3 (08/01 2007): 34-44. Lyson, Thomas A. Civic Agriculture: Reconnecting Farm, Food, and Community. Medford, Massachusetts: Tufts University Press, 2004. Massad, Susan J. â€Å"Super-Sizing America: Geography, Income, Fast Food, and Whole Food. † Human Geography 2, no. 2 (2009): 52-69. McKibben, Bill. â€Å"The Cuba Diet. † Harper’s Magazine 310, no. 1859 (Apr 2005): 61-69. Poppendieck, Janet. â€Å"Want Amid Plenty: From Hunger to Inequality. † In Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment, edited by Fred Magdoff, John Bellamy Foster and Frederick H. Buttel, 189-202. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000. Pretty, Jules N. â€Å"Participatory Learning for Sustainable Agriculture. † World Development 23, no. 8 (1995): 1247-63. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York: Perennial, 2002.

Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders

Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders Essay on Criminal Justice and Violent Female OffendersViolent crime is one of the components of the overall structure of crime, which includes offenses related to physical and psychological violence against the person, or the threat of violence. Violent crime, in a broad sense, includes all the acts in which violence is a way to abuse, and, in the narrow sense, it includes only those actions in which violence is one of the elements of criminal motivation.Violence is defined as: 1) the use of physical force to someone; 2) the use of force, forced impact on someone, something; 3) the harassment, abuse of power, lawless use of force.Not all violence is a subject of criminology, but only when it is associated with a violation of criminal law (criminal violence). There are two types of such violence:Physical abuse the infliction of physical, bodily harm to the person, up to the deprivation of his life.Psychological violence causing mental, moral damages: threats, insults, slander, blac kmail, coercion, and all kinds of restrictions on the freedom of person; and some types of fraud, psycho and economic methods.Violence is a primary or secondary means of committing so many crimes. Different countries name various groups of violent crimes:Statistical Yearbook of the United States at the federal level notes the following types of violent crimes: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault.Notifiable Offences recorded by Police of England and Wales include all kinds of crimes against the person, including, for example, an illegal abortion; sexual crimes (including pimping and bigamy) and robberies into the number of violent attacks.In Germany, the Collection of crime statistics include murder, rape, robbery, injury, poisoning, hostage-taking and extortion related to the kidnapping into violent crimes.The share of traditional forms of violent crime in its overall structure is quite small. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of law enforcement is assessed on the basis of estim ations of the most serious crimes.Murder is one of the most ancient and dangerous types of crimes. Murder is a crime in all legal systems, although, there are certain differences in understanding of what should be regarded as murder (Samaha, 2008).In 2000, the absolute number of murders in the world was more than 500 000. This number in various countries differ greatly. In most developed countries observe 1-4 murders per 100 000 population; the lowest rates were observed in Japan, Iceland, Ireland (about 0.5); the USA is a little above the middle figure (5.5). In developing countries, the murder rate is much higher, it can reach 40-50 per 100 000 population or even higher values.The most common among sexual offenses involving violence, is rape. Its danger lies in the fact that the victim is inflicted both physical and mental suffering. Rape is often associated with serious lasting effects, including infection with sexually transmitted diseases, mental illness and even suicide of a v ictim.8th Review of trends in crime, presented by the United Nations indicates that in 2001 and 2002 in the world, there were registered annually more than 250,000 rape. Characterizing the numbers of rape, it should be noted that rape has a high latency. Even in countries with a highly developed system of law enforcement, more than 80 percent of rapes are hidden from law enforcement agencies (Langton, Truman, 2014).Robbery is a forcible theft of anothers property. It is an attack the purpose of which is stealing other peoples property, committed with violence dangerous to life or health, or with threat of such violence.Aggravated assault is a stronger form of assault, often with a use of deadly weapon attempting to cause serious bodily injury to another person, cause grievous bodily harm, such as rape or kidnapping, have sexual relations with an underage person, or cause bodily harm by recklessly operating of a vehicle.In general, violent crimes are rarely committed by women: there are around 90% of male violent criminals. Women usually resort to domestic violence, especially in connection with the immoral and illegal behavior of the victim usually a spouse or cohabitant. Violent criminals are usually quite young – less then 40 years old. Crimes, related to the deprivation victim’s life and personal injury, are frequently committed by persons aged 25-29 years, rapes by persons under 25 years old.Educational and social levels of violent offenders are lower than that of other categories of offenders and general population. Typically, these individuals have relatively low skills, work in low-paid jobs or do not work.Violent criminals inherent violation of social identification and adaptation, desociolization. They hardly follow standards of society, instead assessing the situation on the basis of personal beliefs and desires. They are self-centered, have primitive needs and impulsive desire for the realization of desires and needs, not restrained by self-monitoring mechanism. Violations of socialization are manifested in difficulties in establishing contacts with other people. Such persons are characterized by psychological self-defense mechanism: they believe that the actions, they are accused for, have been provoked by victims, and they acted correctly and should not be punished. Intensity of such deviations may be different. There are many psychopaths among criminals (estimates vary from 30 to 60%) and those with borderline mental disorders.Some scientists believe that forming of personality of violent criminals depends on biological and genetic predisposition. However, commonly accepted viewpoint claims that determination of violent crime, as well as crime in general, has a predominantly social nature: the causes and conditions of crime lie in the society in which it exists (Samaha, 2008).An important place in the causal complex of many violent crimes is occupied by victim behavior of victims. This is especially characte ristic of rape, where a substantial part of the victims themselves provokes criminal sexual contact (usually frivolous behavior in the situation related to the joint use of alcohol with the rapist.Literature ReviewFemale criminality has always been perceived as a less serious issue than male criminal behavior. Historically, females tend to commit minor crimes and have amounted only a small proportion in total number of offenders. Ten though women remain a relatively small amount of all prisoners, there is a trend in rising of percentage among female offenders, their participation in crimes connected with violent, and have inhibited the increase of gender-specific programs addressing the problem (Greenfeld, Snell, 1999).Female offenders have different needs comparing to males, stemming in part from their own disproportionate victimization from physical or sexual abuse and their sense of responsibility for dependant children. Besides, they are more likely to have drug addiction and to have mental illnesses (Morash, Bynum, Koons, 1998).In general, younger females delinquent acts usually have less chronic and less serious character in comparison with boys. Minor offenses dominate among female criminals. However, minor crimes may mask serious problems that girls are facing. Running away from parents’ home and other status offenses are the main components of girls delinquency. Even though their offense behavior may appear to be not very serious, such girls may be suffering from serious problems and victimization, involving illegal behavior by relatives. That, in turn, can make them open to subsequent victimization and engage in other types of behavior that violates the law such as prostitution, survival sex and drug use (Heidensohn, Silvestri, 2012).Many risk factors contribute to females’ criminal behavior, including substance abuse, spousal abuse and mental illness. One of the most significant risk factors is considered to be prior victimization (Mor ash, Bynum, Koons, 1998).The Federal Bureau of Investigation with the help of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program collects crime and arrest statistics from more than 18,000 city, county, and state law enforcement agencies. Crime in the United States, 2012 released in November 2013 reveals the information that, during 2012:In the whole country, law enforcement made 12,196,959 arrests (traffic violations are not included).2% of them were of females (â€Å"Women and Girls in the Justice System,† 2014).According to OJJDPs (the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preventions)  Juvenile Court Statistics 2010,  released in June 2013:Courts with juvenile jurisdiction held an estimated 1,368,200 law-breaking cases in 2010.28% of them were with female offenders.In general, female delinquency caseload raised at an average rate of 2 percent per year between 1985 and 2010, while the average rate increased for less than 1 percent per year for males (â€Å"Women and Girls in the Justice System,† 2014).According to the resource of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013 – Statistical Tables, which shows data collected from the  Annual Survey of Jails, the number of female convicts increased by 10.9% between midyear 2010 and 2013. In same period, the male inmate population declined for 4.2%.According to OJJDP’s 2011 Survey of Youth in Residential Placement, females amounted 14% of all youth in residential placement (Ginder, 2014).The Bureau of Justice Statistics Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey provide total number of all persons supervised in the community and counts of the number entering and leaving supervision during the year on all the territory of the USA. According to provided information:In 2012, approximately 24 percent of the adults on probation were femaleIn 2012, approximately 11% of the adults on parole were femaleIn 2010, nearly 19% of the federal offenders under supervision wer e femaleBased on self-reports of violence victims, women represent about 14 percent among all violent offenders, which is an average of around 2.1 million of violent female offenders per year.There is 1 violent offender in every 9 men of 10 years old or older, a per capita rate six times that among women. In 1998, 3 out of 4 violent female criminals committed simple assault. About 28 percent of violent female offenders were juveniles, and 3 out of 4 victims of female offenders’ violence were women. Around two out of three victims had some kind of prior relationship with a female offender. An estimated four in ten women who committed violent offences were perceived by their victims as being drunk and/or under drugs while committing the crime. The per capita rate for murders committed by females in 1998 was on the lowest point recorded since 1976. In 1998, approximately 3.2 million women were arrested, considering for about 22 percent of all arrests that year. And the per capit a rate in arrest among juvenile women was about twice the adult female rate. It is worth mentioning that between 1990 and 1998, the number of the female defendants, who were convicted of felonies in courts of the United States grew at more than twice the rate of growth among male defendants. In 1998, the number of women that were under the care, supervision, or control of correctional agencies amounted 950,000. Parole agencies or probation supervised 85 percent of these criminals in the community. Women under the supervision of agencies of criminal justice system were mothers of about 1.3 million minor children. Nearly six in ten women in American prisons had experienced sexual or physical abuse in the past. Around 84,000 women were imprisoned in 1998 (Greenfeld, L. A., Snell, 1999).There have been noted some substantial differences in behavior and treatment of defendants in courts on the basis of their gender. Criminologist Frances Heidensohn says that judges and juries often have difficulties in isolating the fact that the defendant is a woman and the fact that she also can be a mother, a widow, she can be attractive, or she may cry on the stand. Besides, male and female defendants note that in court they have been encouraged to behave differently in accordance with the gender; women have been advised to show mute passivity, at the same time men have been advised to assert themselves in testimony and cross-examinations (Heidensohn, Silvestri, 2012).There are two thoughts on the issue if criminal justice system has a gender bias and if men and women are treated differently in courts and police.The first one is chivalry thesis, where chivalry is treating others, mostly women with courtesy, respect and sympathy. According to chivalry theory women are treated more leniently by the system of criminal justice than men. Male chivalry means that often police are less likely to charge females, and courts tend to give them a lighter sentence, even in situations when t hey have committed the same crimes as men.The second theory is called double deviance theory. According to this theory, criminal justice system treats women more harshly because they are guilty of being doubly deviant. They deviated from norms accepted by society by breaking the law and, at the same time, deviated from gender norms, which tell how woman should behave.Many female offenders feel that they have been treated harshly by the system of criminal justice. They perceive it as a male-dominated institution and feel their treatment has been unjust and unsympathetic (Heidensohn, Silvestri, 2012).After arrest, women more often than men are cautioned instead of being charged. They are usually not committed for trial or remanded in custody. Female offenders have more chances to be discharged or to be given a community sentence than men and less likely to be sentenced to prison or fined. Often, women sent to prison get shorter sentences than men. This information suggests that the sy stem of criminal justice does treat woman more leniently. Though, we also need to take into account the seriousness of committed crime and difference in crime history. Female offences are usually less serious and women are less likely to have criminal records (Bryant, 2011).Disparity in the treatment of criminals involved in the system of criminal justice has been the subject of a substantial number of research over the past decades. Probably, the most compelling evidence of inequality is found in the demographics among the convicts in federal and state prisons in the United States. Most of prisoners in our nations prisons are men, mostly black or Hispanic. These disparities in imprisonment rates, which have been noted for more than three decades, have made researchers to focus on the sentencing stage while criminal justice process. They also have led policymakers to search for ways in order to constrain judicial discretion while sentencing (Stacey, Spohn, 2006).Ann Martin Stacey an d Cassia Spohn wrote the work in B Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law â€Å"Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts†. The studies show that blacks and Hispanics are more likely to receive harsher sentences than whites in similar situation, and that the sentences imposed on female offenders, including violent female offenders, are substantially more lenient than the ones imposed on their male counterparts.Studies note that gender effects of favoring female offenders over male ones occur at a significantly higher percentage than race effects of favoring white offenders over the black ones. There is one explanation for this, which suggests that women are more likely to be sentenced more leniently than men because they are often convicted of less serious offences and have less serious criminal records. Another explanation reveal judges percept women as childlike and dependent, and they wa nt to protect women from the severity of jail or prison.These explanations of gender disparity in sentencing show how important it is to control adequately for legally related indicators of crime seriousness and prior criminal record, along with the importance of taking into consideration potential connections between the gender of the offender and other legally irrelevant characteristics of the offender. We focus on interactions between the gender of the offender, his/her marital status, offenders responsibility for dependent children, and the severity of offender’s sentence (Langton, Truman, 2014).Studies, conducted by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn found that judges and prosecutors take the gender of the offender into account, while sentencing decisions are not affected by the offenders marital status or responsibility for dependent children. Besides, females with dependent children are usually treated about the same compared to similarly situated men with dependent ch ildren in terms of length of the imposed sentence and the scale of substantial support departures. Nevertheless, although women with children were notably more likely than women without children to get substantial assistance departures, men with children didn’t get same benefit.Researchers on sentencing in federal and state courts found that female offenders were treated more leniently than male criminals. The study show, that female offenders, including violent crimes, have received approximately ten months shorter sentences than the sentences imposed on male offenders in similar situation. Women also were significantly more likely than men to get a downward departure for providing substantial assistance.Essay on   Criminal Justice and Violent Female Offenders part 2

Healthy Eating

Healthy Eating Free Online Research Papers Eating the right things and knowing what to choose can be difficult if you do not know what you are looking for. To eat healthy one has to choose the right fruits and vegetables which can be tricky. Healthy eating can be pricey. If you have ever been to the store and seen the prices there one would know. Healthy eating is hard for most people and can be expensive. It’s not your imagination eating right is costly. In fact you pay more than $30 more per day on food if you make healthy choices. Researchers at the University of Washington recently put together a study to consider food prices based on dollars per calories to help consumers understand the prices between healthy and not-so-healthy foods. Generally speaking, the foods highs in nutrients are low in calorie count while junk food tends to be calorie dense. The bottom line in this study was that high calorie foods jingle in at a cost of $3.52 per person per day compared to $36.32 for low calorie selections. Most consumers do a bit of balancing and plunk down $7 per day for food for each person(allison2008). With today’s society and the way people are losing jobs most can’t afford to eat none the less try to eat healthy. Many try to cut back by looking for the cheaper food which doesn’t mean the best food for you. People cut coupons, look through ads they receive in the mail also know as junk mail. Anything they can do to try and eat healthy; People just really need to think about what they are going to eat and how much to eat. We have all heard of portion control. Just try to cut down your portions into smaller ones than you are use to. As Americans we love to eat out at fast food places. The trick to eating at these places are order a salad with dressing on the side or maybe a grilled chicken sandwich instead of a breaded one. And the one thing we all love the most is soda try substituting water instead. These are just some ideas and they are really common sense. Here are some things that you should eat and what you should avoid. You should eat fruit that is fresh, dried without sulfur, preservatives, additives and sweeteners. Fruits that should be eaten are frozen without preservatives and additives. What you should avoid in fruit canned with heavy syrup or light syrup. Vegetables that should be eaten are fresh, raw, lightly steamed and baked. Vegetables to avoid are canned and overcooked. Grains that are good for you are whole grains that are unprocessed sugar free. Some grains to avoid are all products with white flour, white rice and instant oatmeal’s. Some legumes to may eat are dry beans and peas. Some legumes to avoid are canned and prepared with animal fat and pork and beans (Healthy eating Advisor, 2002-2009). The list can go on and on but these are just some examples so that one might understand. All this healthy eating should be considered in children especially. Many children are obese today because their parents choose not to feed them healthy foods. The guidelines to feeding children healthy food are about the same as an adult but have different portion sizes and may need more in certain areas than an adult. Parents need to realize that children can and should not live off of junk food just because they are lazy. Parents should offer their children a wide variety of foods like fruits and vegetables and dairy products. Like and adult just watch the amount you give them. The people particular that should be highlighted is the children and any person in poor health. Today people are getting healthy. If people where not getting healthy today they would be in poor health. Health eating present situation is better than many year ago but there are still many out there in poor health. The current range of public opinion on healthy eating is not known at this time. Any persons view could effectively represent one extreme. Anyone could represent an opposite view of the subject. Anyone in the public experience can serve to represent the majority of those directly involved in healthy eating. The public’s perception of the healthy eating differ from the experience of those directly involved with it because they think it is just easy to eat healthy but they don’t understand how hard it is to do. The future of healthy eating might hold that many people will be healthy and in good health if they continue to eat healthy. People might stay healthy if they continue to eat healthy because that is what happens. If a person does not eat healthy they can have a relapse and gain the weight they loss back or go back to poor health. The headline that might appear in a newspaper that would not be surprising to read or hear in the future is that many Americans are still obese. For the time being, the aspect of healthy eaten that reporters should be looking at is that many Americans are changing their lives and becoming healthy. Reader should be following the way that Americans are becoming healthy. The major conclusion about healthy eating that should be reported to my readers is that if they don’t take care of themselves and their children they will be in poor health and possibly overweight? Also children that are overweight have low self-esteem and get teased much. Why put a chil d in a place like that when it can be avoided. References Healthy Eating Advisor, (2002-2009). Retrieved Aug.16, 2009, From Healthy foods Do you know which foods are Healthy which are not.www.healthyeatingadvisor.com Allison,C.(2008, April 1). Eating Healthy is Expensive. Retrieved Aug. 16, 2009. From suite101.com. Website www.Suite101.com ? 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