The Diviners: How Does Morags Past Influence Piques Life :: essays research papers

The Diviners How does Morags Past Influence wounds Life spite is the inheritor of French-Indian and Scottish-Canadian roots. She israised her stimulate in Canada and England. However, her growth is affected byMorags life style and Morags past life. There are three events in Morags pastthat affects Piques life.     Morag moves away from Christie when she goes to college and she rarelycomes back to Manawake, " spillage to Winnipeg this fall. To college. And Im nevercoming back."     She does not seem care for her stepparents. In certain respects theparent-child relationship betwixt Morag and Pique resembles the one betweenChristie, the Scavenger,"Youve never had soul tell you mother was crazy betweenshe lived out her alone and wrote dirty books and had kooky peoplecoming out from the city to visit?" (P.446)     And both, in disparate ways, attempt to deny their parents. At one point,Pique, having run away from home, ends up in a mental hospital in Toronto after"a gloomy trip","Cant you see I despair you? Cant you see I want youto go away? You arent my mother. I havent got a mother." (P.111)     Furthermore, Morag does not get married with Jules. When her husband isBrooke Skelton, she has a sexual relationship with Jules and gets pregnant.Later, Pique is aware that Jules is her father. Pique has an idea about why sheis different from the others because a typical family should have a mother and afather, but she comes from a single parent family. When Pique first meets herfather she is at about five years old. Jules sings a song to Pique which shefinds fascinating and meaningful to her. Pique, at 18, is more mature than hermother at the same age. She loves her father very much and wants to live withhim, however, Morag does not approve that Pique should stay with Jules,"Why did you have me?""For your own satisfaction, yes. You never thou ght of him or of me."We are aware that Pique needs care and love from both of her parentsbecause Morag cannot run across Piques desire. She runs away in search of what shethinks she is missing all along, which she, herself is not sure what it is.Later on, she dates Dan McRaith, who is a husband of Bridie. They have aabnormal friendship between them. As we know Dan Scranton and Gord areboyfriends of Pique. It is coincidental with Morags boyfriend first name isalso Dan. These two individuals occurs in Morag and Piques life as their namesare the same.

Epiphany in Araby of James Joyces Dubliners Essay -- Joyce Dubliners

Araby An Epiphany The story, Araby in James Joyces Dubliners presents a flat, rather spatial portrait. The visual and symbolic details embedded in the story, are highly concentrated, and the story culminates in an epiphany. An epiphany is a moment when the essence of a character is revealed , when all the forces that bear on his life converge, and the reader can, in that instant, understand him. Araby is centered on an epiphany, and is relate with a failure or deception, which results in realization and disillusionment. The meaning is revealed in a young boys psychic journey from love to despair and disappointment, and the theme is undercoat in the boys discovery of the discrepancy between the real and the ideal in life. The story opens with a description of North Richmond Street, a blind, cold ... .. wordless street where the houses gazed at one an-other with brown imperturbable faces. It is a street of fixed, decaying conformity and false piety. The boys house contains the sam esense of a dead present and a confused past. The former tenant, a priest,died in the ba... ...stern enchantment. His love, like his quest for a gift to draw the girl to him in an unfriendly world, ends with his realizing that his love existed only in his mind. indeed the theme of the story-the discrepancy between the real and the ideal-is made final in the bazaar, a place of tawdry make-believe. The epiphany in which the boy lives a dream in spite of the ugly and the worldly is brought to its inevitable conclusion the single sensation of life disintegrates. The boy senses the falsity of his dreams and his eyes burn with anguish and anger.

The Effective Use of Imagery in Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea Ess

The Effective Use of Imagery in Hemingways The Old macrocosm and the ocean Ernest Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea has engendered some lively debate in literary circles. Critics have concentrated on everything in the novella from the verity of Rigels other(a) evening appearance over Cuban skies in September (Weeks 192) to William Faulkners judgment that Hemingway discovered God while writing The Old Man and the Sea (Bradford 158-62). insofar the most insightful commentary has gravitated invariably toward biblical, natural, and classical imagery in the novel. These images turn an otherwise simple fishing tale into a sublime narration of human endurance. A reading that examines these images will serve to clarify the hidden significance in Hemingways novel. Biblical imagery literally abounds in The Old Man and the Sea. The name Santiago itself is a biblical allusion. Donald Heiney informs us that Santiago is simply the Spanish form of Saint James, and James like Peter was a fisherman-apostle in the New Testament. Santiago de Compostela is the patron saint of Spain and is also greatly revered by Cuban Catholics (86). Sam Baskett enhances this image by indicating that Saint James was martyred with the sword by Herod (278). In the novel, we see Santiago entrenched in battle with a swordfish, and, if we are to believe Baskett, he eventually dies after the struggle (269). In a sense, Santiago, like James, is martyred with the sword. Santiagos battle with the fish produces myriad biblical images, and while the most obvious are Santiago-as-Christ, others exist as well. Arvin Wells, for example, provides a Santiago-as-Cain analogy Repeatedly, Santiago addresses the fish as brother. . . Yet, at the same ti... ...y, Donald W. Barrons Simplified Approach to Ernest Hemingway. Woodbury Barrons Educational Series, 1965. Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York MacMillan, 1952. Jobes, Katharine, ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Old Man and the Sea. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1968. Moseley, Edwin M. Pseudonyms of Christ in the late Novel Motifs and Methods. Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press, 1962. Rosenfield, Claire. New world, Old Myths. Jobes 41-55. Sylvester, Bickford. Hemingways Extended Vision The Old Man and the Sea. Jobes 81-96. Weeks, Robert P. Fakery in The Old Man and the Sea. College English 24 (1962) 188-92. Wells, Arvin R. A Ritual of metamorphosis The Old Man and the Sea. Jobes 56-63. Young, Philip. The Old Man and the Sea Vision/Revision. Jobes 18-26.

The Use of Vocabulary in Dulce Et Decorum Est and The Volunteer Essay

The Use of Vocabulary in Dulce Et decorousness Est and The VolunteerThe Volunteer by Herbert Asquith and Dulce Et Decorum Est byWilfred Owen are two poems, which cast very different opinions on theGreat War of 1914 - 1918. In The Volunteer Asquith has created aninspirational mood, one that indicates patriotism and optimism.However, Dulce Et Decorum Est contrasts The Volunteer, with its dotty and bitter mood.One of the principal aspects that help to create the mood is the useof particular vocabulary. In The Volunteer, the vocabulary used israther simple with words that ruminate and familiarise with gloriouspieces of English history.Nor need he any hearse to bear him hence,Who goes to join the men of Agincourt.Using such vocabulary gives the English reader a sense of pride andwillingness to fight and die for their country.Also the poem uses words such as toiling, gleaming, charging andth to a lower placeing. These examples of onomatopaeia emphasise what Asquith ismeaning to say in the particular divide of the poem.Toiling at ledgers in a city grey,is used to describe the working and unchanging cycle of the life of aclerk. The words grey and toiling emphasise the tone of repetitiousness and dullness used in this particular section of thepoem. As the poem develops, the tone becomes glorious, patriotic andoptimistic.Yet ever twixt the books and his bright eyesThe gleaming eagles of the legions cameAnd horsemen, charging under specter skies,Went thundering beneath the oriflamme.This excert demonstrates contrast, onomatopaeia and vivid imagery. Thewords gleaming, charging and thundering help to build up themood, making it become gloriu... ... back to the beautiful countrythat bure it.A pulse in the everlasting mind no lessGives somewhere back the thoughts by England givenThe poem considers heaven and all its inhabitants as being English.In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.Futility contradicts the moods, opinions and tones of The Soldier.It believes that dy ing for something is pointless and nothing has beenachieved, it asks what is the point of living only to die?Are limbs, so dear-achieved, are sides,Full-nerved---still warm---too hard to stir?...It is a poem which changes tones some(prenominal) times, going from soft andgentle, to harsher and questioning, to pure bitterness. The overallmood is bitter and harsh and reflects Owens opinion of war.Was it for this the clay grew tallO what made fatuous sunbeams toilTo cease earths sleep at all?

Free Essays - The Manipulative Lady Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

The Manipulative Lady Macbeth In certain situations, women are the downfall of men. Macbeth is a quality example on how women influence men. We are going to probe into the hidden lives of Lord and Lady Macbeth, and show how without Lady Macbeth, Macbeth would prolong lived and prospered. Lady Macbeth was a vitiated but very important part of the play Macbeth. She is always on the side of Macbeth telling him what she thinks he should do. When Macbeth was off at war, and told lady Macbeth that the witches greeted him as Thane of Cawdor, and female monarch of Scotland before he received those titles, she was probably scheming no how to fulfill those before he returned home. Once home, they had King Duncan stay at Dunsinane. Lady Macbeth because b-tches at her husband and ridicules his masculinity in order to make him commit murder (Friedlander). Macbeth reluctantly murders Duncan, even though he wanted to wait and have it all play out without killing anyone. When he wen t to the well to wash off his hands he speaks of his remorse, and lady Macbeth finds out that he did not affect the guards, so she tells him to go do it. But he wont, so she insults him more, and goes to do it herself. Lady Macbeth was the inital force to make this entire play roll along. Macbeth was comfortable where he was, he was curious about the fact the witches stated, but he didnt want to force it to work. After Lady Macbeths help in the killing of Duncan, the only influance she has upon him is to apply everything to themselves. At the party after Banquos murder, Lady Macbeth tries to calm Macbeth, and tell him that what he sees is only an illusion, and not to worry about Banquo, and to shut up because his fit whitethorn show everyone that they are the murders of Duncan and Banquo.

Free Essays - The Manipulative Lady Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

The Manipulative Lady Macbeth In certain situations, women are the downfall of men. Macbeth is a prime example on how women influence men. We are sledding to probe into the hidden lives of Lord and Lady Macbeth, and show how without Lady Macbeth, Macbeth would have lived and prospered. Lady Macbeth was a small still very important part of the take Macbeth. She is always on the side of Macbeth telling him what she thinks he should do. When Macbeth was off at war, and told lady Macbeth that the witches greeted him as Thane of Cawdor, and King of Scotland before he received those titles, she was probably shrewd no how to fulfill those before he returned home. Once home, they had King Duncan stay at Dunsinane. Lady Macbeth then b-tches at her husband and ridicules his masculinity in enact to make him commit murder (Friedlander). Macbeth reluctantly murders Duncan, even though he wanted to wait and have it all play out without killing anyone. When he went to the well to wa sh off his hands he speaks of his remorse, and lady Macbeth finds out that he did not implicate the guards, so she tells him to go do it. But he wont, so she insults him more, and goes to do it herself. Lady Macbeth was the inital force to make this entire play roll along. Macbeth was comfortable where he was, he was curious about the fact the witches stated, but he didnt want to force it to work. After Lady Macbeths help in the killing of Duncan, the only influance she has upon him is to keep everything to themselves. At the party after Banquos murder, Lady Macbeth tries to quieten Macbeth, and tell him that what he sees is only an illusion, and not to worry about Banquo, and to shut up because his fit may show everyone that they are the murders of Duncan and Banquo.

Jainism vs. Sikhism Worksheet Essay

1. Ahimsa- nonviolence stamp bureau extremely gentle or harmless. This is the core belief in Jainism. It includes avoiding occupations that may harm early(a) living animals including insects, using items made from animals such as leather and feathers. 1. Have allowed for the religion to develop military defense. Because on the early Gurus was dispatch as a martyr the military or body guard sect was formed. These soldiers are kn sustain as the Khalsa.2. Non-Lying- Jains must coiffure telling truths. This means avoiding exaggeration and falsehoods. Nonstealing- It is practicing the basic concept of not taking any possession that is not nonpareil. Items must be giving freely. This is caused by desire and wanting to visit pain on others. 2. Sikhs are allowed to eat meat and do not have a diet system as strict as other Hindu religions.3. Rejects the belief in a creator, instead entrust that the universe was created by natural forces in motion 3. Sikhs believe that the universe wa s created by one God. This one God is the divine entity in their monotheism religion.4. Chastity- For monks and nuns it is complete celibacy. For Jains outside the order it means to perform monogamy with ones spouse. Sex outside this privy lead to blind passion and an attachment to the physical world. 4. Sikhism is the combination of two religions forming. The Islamic and Hindu religions molded together as many ideas were shared. For example the belief in one God.5. Nonattachment- Believe that human form bonds with family, possessions such as homes and money, land etc. Jains believe that these attachments can control a person. Practice to term these possession in not possible to eliminate them. 5. Sikhs believe in reincarnation and karma. This is one of the few fundamental areas that Sikhs adopted from Hinduism.Part 2 move to the following questions in 150 to 200 words1. What do you think is the nearly important similarity and which is the most important difference? Use specifics to subscribe your answer.The most important difference is that of the creation of the universe. Jains regret the idea that the universe was created by one creator. Rather they believe that the universe was created out of natural forces in motion. And that they forces are constantly changing. Sikhs on the other hand believe that the universe was created by one God. This one God is the divine entity in their monotheism religion. This helps to formulate the grounds in each religions core beliefs.Regardless of their difference, both religions stress the importance of the individuals struggle to purify the self, to act morally, and to do good to others, Malloy (2013). The mostimportant similarity is that of karma and reincarnation. These basic principals have been adopted from Hinduism. It represents the main mantra that life on this plane must be lived in the path of righteous. By doing onto others and acting selfless these two religions are formed under one basic principal to achie ve the ultimate goal of life on the highest existence level.2. treat the following statement Sallekhana (holy death) violates the Jain principle of ahimsa because it is an act of violence against oneself. Using examples from Ch. 5 of your text, what points might a follower of Jainism make to deliberate against this statement?Ahimsa is defined by Merriam-Webster (2015) as the Hindu and Buddhist doctrine of refraining from harming any living being. Ahimsa is actually some(prenominal) more than this, it entails a lifetime of practice and includes being as gentle and harmless as can be. It involves in restraining in any act of violence. The Jains uphold this belief with the highest regard and understand that it takes much more than harming other living being but also from harming oneself. The concept of Jains is to achieve freedom of spirit. Jains do accept ending ones own life, but we must understand the practice form the Jain point of view and within the context.Jains see all life as a preparedness for the liberation of the spirit(jiva) from the body, and when a person is sufficiently evolved spiritually, that person can make the e final choice to no longer create more karma Malloy(2013). The Jains believe in nonattachment to earthly possessions, and therefore one can find honor is ending ones life. Sallekhana or holy death is the most extremely esteemed method, however, is self-starvation, Malloy (2012.) There by withholding from food the Jains are becoming more selfless and freeing his or her spirit from the earthly plane and achieving a high level of karma.ReferencesMerriam-Webster. (2015). Retrieved from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religionMolloy, M. (2012). Experiencing the Worlds Religions. Tradition, Challenge, and Change (6th ed.)Chapter 5. Retrieved from https//newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom

Beauvoir Mansion

The Beauvoir Mansion is located on the Gulf of Mexico in Harrison County, Mississippi between Biloxi and Gulfport. Originally the property consisted of six hundred realm and was the private property of Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey, a woman who had known Jefferson Davis, the first and only President of the Confederate States of America throughout her life story. She also was a classmate of Varinna Davis, Jefferson Davis married woman (Allen xx, 521).Dorsey originally rented the property to Davis so he would have a place to write his memoirs The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government published in 1881 and A Short History of the Confederate States of America shortly before his death. Dorsey later sold Beauvoir to him and also named him as her sole heir, in effect, giving him the property. It was the last manse of Jefferson Davis until his death in 1789 and as the home for his wife for some years after his death (Tinling 187).The Mississippi Division of the Sons of Confederate Veteran s bought the property in 1902 and born-again it to the Jefferson Davis Memorial for Confederate Soldiers and Sailors (Rosenburg 194). Beauvoir served in this capacity until the mid-1950s when it was recast as the Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library. Pratt and Pratt describe it as a state shrine filled with memorabilia of his life and times (145). The Beauvoir Mansion is listed on the National Registry of Historic Places. According to the Registry for a internet site to be listed it should meet one of the following criteria.The site must be associated with events that have made a significant impact on patterns of history, be associated with a person who are significant to the United States past, comprise a characteristic type of construction, be representative of a building master or have high artistic value, or have contributed or is likely to yield significant historical reading (National Registry). Clearly Beauvoir Mansion qualifies because of its association with Je fferson Davis, Confederate Veterans of the urbane War and is representative of construction in the southwest circa in 1852 (Pratt and Pratt 145 Beauvoir).As the Presidential Library of Davis it contains many of his papers as well as large collection of Civil War equipment and memorabilia. In addition, thither is a Confederate Cemetery on the site where many Civil War veterans are buried. What is interesting about the Beauvoir Mansion is the wide variety of mountain it appeals to. Naturally it appeals to admirers, and detractors for that matter of Jefferson Davis and his important role in the Civil War. United States History students, scholars and professional historian as well.The Presidential Library provides resources to those working in this area of United States History. However it is non just history buffs that are arouse in Beauvoir Mansion. The site holds a prominent place among those people interested in American Architecture and building construction. Chief among the w eaknesses of Beauvoir Mansion is the vulnerability of the location in respect to the violent weather associated with hurricanes and tropical storms that are not uncommon in the area. Hurricane Katrina heavily damaged Beauvoir Mansion in 2005.Devereaux provides detailed information about the damage that includes damage to the Davis house and to the Presidential Library. The Hayes bungalow and the pavilion that served as a hospital for Confederate Veterans were completely destroyed as were the chapel, museum and gift shop. Fortunately much of the damage can be repaired. A four million dollar restoration is already underway with an expected reopening date in 2008. Beauvoir Mansion is an interesting historical and architectural site. It provides firsthand information about the Civil War from the point of view of the Confederacy.This is a valuable perspective that is not normally available to the general public who study the Civil War in schools that features the Union worldview. This v iew of the Civil War is obviously slanted in favor of the Northern States. The old saw about the sweet side writing history is often true. Consequently, the people who lived in the Confederacy are largely forgotten and their leaders ignored because the South lost. It is important to reckon that there were two points of view about the Civil War.Both positions had merit and defects. It is important to understand the insights both sides experienced in any historical event. The Beauvoir Mansion provides a great opportunity for Americans to learn from the past. When the repairs are completed and the Beauvoir Mansion reopens, it will be a site well worth visiting. Works Cited Allen, Felicity. Jefferson Davis Unconquerable Heart. Columbia, MO University of Missouri Press, 1999. Ballard, Michael B. Civil War Mississippi A address. Jackson, MS University Press of Mississippi, 2000.Beauvoir The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library Before the Hurricane 2005. 26 Feb. 2007 . Cannon, Devereaux. Beauvoir Still Stands 2 Sep. 2005. Vexillarium. 26 Feb. 2007 http//vexillarium. blogspot. com/2005/09/beauvoir-still-stands. html. National Registry of Historic Places Mississippi Harrison County. National Registry of Historic Places. 26 Feb. 1999 Nofi, Albert A.A Civil War Treasury Being a Miscellany of blazonry and Artillery, Facts and Figures, Legends and Lore, Muses and Minstrels, Personalities and People. New York Da Capo Press, 1995. Pratt, Dorothy & Pratt, Richard. A Guide to Early American Homes. New York McGraw Hill, 1956. Rosenburg, R. B. Living Monuments Confederate Soldiers Homes in the New South. Chapel Hill, NC The University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Tinling, Marion. Women Remembered A Guide to Landmarks of Womans History in the United States. New York Greenwood Press, 1986. Wright, John D. The Language of the Civil War. Westport, CT Oryx Press. 2001.

The Rapid Expansion Of Urban Spaces Environmental Sciences Essay

Rapid refinement of urban infinites has caused squeeze per unit of measurement area on delicate eco arrangement of the metropolis. scraggy growing of motley parts has made migration a serious challenge. Increasing population growing of metropolitan has created concretization of is belt down metropolis and glade of life-sustaining flowered resources.Thousands of the ample unwash treeed from assorted parts of the state come to Mumbai every month. Around 43 per penny of metropolis s population considered to be migratory. The prevailing migrators are of unsophisticated beginning, coming from assorted parts of the state, with two-third to three-quarterss of all migrators belonging to this class. There are migrators from other states as good but these guard been less than one per cent since 1981 ( Census 2001 ) . This tendency migration is a Destruction of genus genus genus genus Rhizophora off that was the rest radix ground of several(prenominal) species of slantes nonplu s combined to go forth the metropolis s searcher common people of around 50,075 ( Marine Fisheries Census 2005 ) panting for endurance. Among assorted causal agent frugal f exemplifyors have been the major cause for migration to Mumbai. About 69 per cent of males stated that employment was the oral sex motivation behind their motion. The information show that the rate of migrators in hunt for better employment has been higher in the late ninetiess. Social grounds such as matrimony and attach toing the household constituted al nigh 90 per cent of female migration. ( Singh 2001 )Population force per unit area is continuously increase in the coastal body politic, so because of this spread outing population Rhizophora iron out is confronting important force per unit area of devastation. mangroves have been crowned and degraded on an dismaying graduated elude during the past four decennaries ( Valiela et al. , 2001 Wilkie and Fortuna, 2003 Duke et al. , 2007 ) , yet they rema in an of import beginning of woodwind and food for thought merchandises and supply vitally of import environsal services for coastal communities throughout the Torrid Zones ( Balmford et al. , 2002 ) .Climate and RainfallKolis of MumbaiKolis are the traditional fishing community of Mumbai and are the veritable dwellers of the island metropolis. Fishing is still the chief beginning of their support. The interesting fact is that, Mumbai is derived from the Koli word, Mumba , which means goddess of water. Several records reveal that Kolis have been found in Mumbai from early times. Dr. Gerson zone lawyer Cunha in the book Origin of Mumbai describes old Mumbai as the desolate islet of the Mumbai Koli fishermen. The Kolis are reported to hold employed the land in A.D. 1138 The Koli community has several subcastes, the outstanding 1s are Koli kolis, Mangela Kolis, Mahadeo kolis, Suryawanshi kolis, Vaity kolis, Koli Christians. Kolis are divided into two occupational categories Do lkarsVatsadDolkars are normally rich compared to Vatsad among Kolis. Dolkars pattern angling on big graduated table Vatsads, who are a hapless category of fishermen normally in the employ of the richer members of the community. Work force are largely engaged in angling while, self-aggrandising females take attention of lodging activities and merchandising of fish in the local anaesthetic market. Lot of their day-to-day activities depend on the fishing oceanson and tidal motion. Koli is the chief linguistic communication spoken by the community, Marathi is another often used linguistic communication among Kolis.What are mangroves?mangroves are a group of trees, thenars, bushs, vines and ferns that portion a common ability to populate in boggy saline dirt. These workss have developed unusual versions to the alone environmental conditions in which they are found. Mangrove plenty be typically refered to an single species. Footings such as Rhizophora rend ecosystem, mangrove forest, mangrove community and mangrove swamp are used interchangeably to depict the full Rhizophora mangle community ( Smithsonian Inst. 1996 ) . There are around 80 species of Rhizophora mangles found throughout the innovation ( Saenger et al. , 1983 ) . Largely they come about within tropical and semitropical coastal countries subjected to tidal impact. Tidal country can be interpreted to intend a shoreline inundated by the extremes of tides, or it can more widely mention to river-bank communities where tides cause some fluctuation in piss degree but no alteration in common salt ( Tomlinson, 1986 ) .There are chiefly two types of Rhizophora mangle sole and non-exclusive. Exclusive Rhizophora mangles are the largest group, consisting about 60 species ( Saenger et al. , 1983 ) . These Rhizophora mangles are bound to intertidal countries. Rest 20 species are referred as non-exclusive. Non-exclusive Rhizophora mangles differ from the sole Rhizophora mangle in the sense that these turn sooner in drier and more tellurian countries.Features of MangroveMangrove DistributionMangrove woods comprise up to 50 species of woody halophytes restricted to sheltered saline tidal countries, and one time occupied around 75 % of tropical seashores and recesss ( Ellison 1997 ) . Mangroves are the plats of tropical sheltered shores. Mangroves are found throughout the universe between latitudes 32AN and 38AS. The upper and lower move of this scope are determined by temperature ( Chapman, 1976 Tomlinson, 1986 ) .Mangrove Distribution in IndiaHarmonizing to the G everywherenment of India, the entire country of the Rhizophora mangles in India was about at 6,740 sq. Km. this covered about 7 % of the universe mangroves ( Krishnamurthy, 1987 ) and about 8 % of the Indian coastline ( Untawale, 1987 ) . But recent 2005 information of Survey of India, Dehradun shows an extent of 4,445 sq. km. mangrove countries in India. Out of the entire land area, 57 % of the Rhizophora mangles are foun d on the East Coast, 23 % on the West seashore and the staying 20 % on Andaman and Nicobar Islands.Mangrove Distribution in MaharashtraMaharashtra has 720 kilometer long coastline, which has assorted distinctive characteristics of beaches and bouldery drops flanked by estuaries and spots of Rhizophora mangles. Maharashtra coastal zone extends between the latitude 15 52N and 20 10N and longitude 72 10E and 73 10E and falls under five territories of Thane, Mumbai, Sindhudurg, Raigad, Ratnagiri. The Rhizophora mangles of Maharashtra are the most diverse among the West seashore and harmonizing to the woodwind instrument Survey of India ( FSI ) covered 116 sq. kilometer in 2003. The country under Rhizophora mangles in Maharashtra was 200 sq. kilometer. in 1972-75, which reduced to 108 sq. kilometer. in 1997.Mangroves of MumbaiMangrove along the seashore of Mumbai ever faced the challenge of assorted anthropogenetic activities over the decennary. In early 1890ss around 37 sq.km. Of Rhiz ophora mangle existed in Mumbai, largely in Versova, Gorai, Mahim brook, Thane and Ghodbunder. Some sparsely covered spots of Rhizophora mangle are in addition found in Bandra, Colaba, Mahul and Malabar Hill.The most commonly happening species of Rhizophora mangle in Mumbai is Avicennia marina, this covers the about 60 per cent of species diverseness. The characteristic characteristic of Avicennia marina makes it tolerable for high salt country. This species besides tolerates pollution including heavy metals such as lead, quicksilver and Cr.Table Some of the commonly found Rhizophora mangles in Mumbai( Beginning Kulkarni, 2007 )TemperatureMangroves largely occur in countries where the mean temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20AC and the seasonal scope does non transcend 10AC. Lower temperature and hoar besides limits the growing and distribution of Rhizophora mangle ( Tomlinson, 1986 ) .Raincoastal countries which receive ample sum of rainfall, heavy overflow and ooze into the intertidal zone from the backwoods are most suited for Rhizophora mangle. These countries receive extended deposit which translates immense measure of foods, which in bend are favorable for Rhizophora mangle growing ( Tomlinson, 1986 ) .Importance of MangroveMultifaceted importance of Rhizophora mangle has been realised in recent times but its ecological importance is known to scientific community since 100s of old ages. Importance of Rhizophora mangle can be loosely classified under following caputsEcological ImportanceMangroves are considered to be the most productive natural ecosystem throughout the universe. Mangrove ecosystem comprise of legion assortments of vegetations and zoologies. Mangrove forest consist of 70 taxonomically diverse tree, bush, thenar and fern species under 27 genera, 20 households, and nine orders that portion a suite of convergent versions to saline, anoxic home grounds ( e.g. Tomlinson, 1986 Stewart & A Popp, 1987 Ball, 1988 Duke et Al, 19 98 ) .Economic ImportanceMangroves provide a huge scope of wood and non-wood wood merchandises which are of good economic value such as lumber, give notice wood, medical specialty, thatch, honey, fresh fish, wood coal etc.Legislative Framework for Conservation and Management of Mangrove in IndiaThe Indian Forest Act, 1927 Supply protection to flora and fauna . The Indian Forest Act has been applied to the Rhizophora mangle wood of the Sundarbans, which have been declared as a Reserved Area .The Wildlife ( Protection ) Act, 1972 Supply protection to flora and fauna . Although they do non specifically mention Rhizophora mangles, these Acts of the Apostless can besides use to the delivery of the vegetations and zoologies of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem.The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 States that No forest country shall be diverted for whatever non-forestry intent without anterior blessing of the Government of India. This act has proved really effectual in forestalling recre ation of Rhizophora mangle forest country for non-forestry intent.Coast Guard Act, 1978 The concern for Marine and Coastal Waterss has led to formation of a particular force, The act stipulate that Cost guard should battle oil pollution beyond 5 kilometers in the sea and execute surveillance responsibility against international dumping of oil or waste by ship/tanker.The Environmental ( Protection ) Act, 1986 It has a important swear out in the Conservation and Management of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem. It declares a Coastal Regulation Zone notified in 1991, in which industrial and other activities such as discharge of untreated H2O and wastewaters, dumping of waste and land renewal are restricted in order to protect the Coastal environment.Condition of Mangrove in Coastal Regulation ZoneIt is stipulated that in instance of Rhizophora mangle with an country of 1000 sq.m or more, would be classified as CRZ with a buffer zone of at least 50 thousand Mangrove is a tropical tree gro wth, along the seashore and requires saline H2O for its growing. technological in this field say that Rhizophora mangle are really of import along the seashore for breakage of tides and it is valuable resources holding several signal utilizations. Hence proper the protection of Rhizophora mangle is really of import. ( Chauhan, 2004 )Prohibited Activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone( a ) Setting of new industries and enlargement of bing industries ( except those straight related to waterfront or straight necessitating for shore installations ) .( B ) Industry, managing, storage or disposal of risky substances.( degree Celsius ) Puting up and enlargement of fish treating units including warehousing( vitamin D ) Discharge of untreated wastes and wastewaters from industries, metropoliss and other human colonies.( vitamin E ) Dumping of metropoliss and town wastes for the intent of land filling.( degree Fahrenheit ) Dumping of ash or any wastes from thermic power station.( g ) Land renewal bunding or upseting the natural class of saltwater with similar obstructors except those take for curtail of coastal eroding.( H ) Mining of littorals, stones and others sub strain stuffs except other minerals non available outside the CRZ countries.( I ) Construction activities in ecologically sensitive countries.( J ) Any building activities between the Low Tide line and high tide line except in permitted countries.( K ) Dressing or changing of sand dunes, hills natural characteristics including landscape alterations.Regulation of Permissible Activities in Coastal Regulation Zone1. Clearance shall be given for any activities within the CRZ if it requires waterfronts and bow shore installations.2. The succeeding(prenominal) activities will necessitate environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest Govt. of India.a ) Construction activities related to defense mechanism demands for which bow shore installations are required ( e.g. Breakwaters etc. ) .B ) Operational buildings for ports and seaports and beacons necessitating H2O frontage Jetty, waves quays etc.degree Celsius ) Thermal Power Plants ( merely foreshore installations for conveyance of natural stuffs for consumption of chilling H2O and out autumn for discharge of treated waste H2O ) .vitamin D ) All other activities with investing transcending rupees Five Crores.3. a ) The Coastal provinces and Union district Administration shall fix Coastal Zone Management Plans at the earliest and blessing be taken from Central Govt. in the Ministry of Forest and Environment.B ) in spite of appearance the Framework of such blessing plans the State Govt./U.T. Administration or local Authorities shall modulate all education and activities within the Coastal Regulation Zone. usurpation of Coastal Regulation Zone has been seen in assorted parts of Mumbai Metropolitan part. Several environmental militants have raised the voice against these misdemeanors.Coastal country is critical to the p rosperity of state and normally most productive countries, back uping a wealth of marine resources. With rapid industrialisation, urbanisation, attendant pollutions and consuming resources along the seashore have resulted in debasement of coastal ecosystem and decreasing the life resources. Environmentally effectual coastal zone direction requires accurate, up to day of the month and comprehensive scientific information on which policy determination can be used.Mangrove Destruction and its ImpactImportance of Rhizophora mangle has been recognised by assorted stakeholders of the society viz. scientists, authorities, local populations of biotic and socioeconomic services. Accurate estimations of planetary deforestation rates of Rhizophora mangles are non available its well-known environmental and socioeconomic impacts are observed and increasingly documented in coastal communities that depend straight on Rhizophora mangles, and in highland communities with economic links to the seash ore.The primary cause of devastation throughout the universe is clear cutting, illegal dumping and renewal these are carried for the intent of agricultural activities, aquaculture, urban enlargement, and resort development and have threatened the bulk of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem. This devastation worsening economic emphasis of mostly low-income, fast turning local population, who are driven to work Rhizophora mangles despite clear marks of debasement.Mangrove woods are a beginning of support for 1000s of coastal communities in developing states worldwide these communities traditionally harvest fish, runt, lumber, non-timber wood Products, and fuel wood from them. The importance of the Rhizophora mangle ecosystem transcends purveying services and includes regulative, ecological, cultural, and aesthetic services. However, these services are decreasing globally, most oddly the provisioning service, and this is seting the supports of coastal communities at hazard and increasing th eir exposure to tropical storms and rushs. These tendencies are the result of mounting anthropogenetic activities such as brackish H2O aquaculture, mangrove forest glade for substructure development and varied degrees of reaping for subsistence.Because of these force per unit areas, Rhizophora mangles in coastal tropical developing states are being degraded for case, 20-30 % of Rhizophora mangle woods have been lost in West-Central Africa since 1980 ( UNEP-WCMC, 2007 ) .Mangrove and FishingLinkages Between Mangrove and FishingFishs and invertebrates use estuarial and onshore home grounds in a figure of ways some are lone occasional visitants some use them merely at certain life phases, whereas others reside for good in the estuaries ( Lenanton & A tamper 1987, Potter et Al. 1990, Potter & A Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999 ) .There are assorted groups of fishes and invertebrates which show distinguishable association with Rhizophora mangle. Fishes which are found on occasion in est uaries are termed as Marine strayers ( Potter & A Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999 ) and these strayers have least dependance on estuaries.There are species which uses estuaries and inshore parts for important raiment period particularly during juvenile phase merely. In some marine species juveniles are merely found in Rhizophora mangles and these are termed as Rhizophora mangle dependant species e.g. , banana shrimp P. merguiensis ( Staples et al. 1985, Vance et Al. 1996 ) . Catadromous species travel between fresh and marine H2O besides use mangrove home grounds at certain life phases e.g. , barramundi Lates calcarifer ( Russell & A Garrett 1983 ) . Some species spend their full life rhythm in estuaries and are termed as true estuarial species.The importance of Rhizophora mangle for prolonging production of piscary in coastal ecosystem is a widely held paradigm that mangroves act as of import babys room sites for piscaries species. The map of Rhizophora mangles as babys room site s is widely accepted ( e.g. , Blaber 2000, Kathiresan & A Bingham 2001 ) and this paradigm is used for of import direction determinations on home ground preservation and coming back of Rhizophora mangle ( Beck et al. 2001 ) . There are besides theories that provinces country of Rhizophora mangle home ground in an estuary translates to the secondary production and gimmick of commercialized piscaries ( Baran 1999 ) . There are clear instances of illustration which depict the correlativity between the magnitude of commercial finfish gimmicks and the extent of Rhizophora mangles. For illustration, in the Philippines, a positive, but weak, correlativity was found between mangrove country and the gimmick of four households of commercial fish ( Paw & A Chua 1991 ) .Freshwater Mangrove MarineFreshwater Mangrove MarineFigure Number of fish and shrimp species happening in fresh water, Marine and mangrove ecosystem demoing higher species diverseness in the Rhizophora mangles ( Islam & A Haque 2005 ) .Mangrove as nursery site for fishesMangroves and estuaries portion characteristic characteristics such as shallow H2O, reduced wave action, high organic content in the deposit, high primary production and protection from marauders, which may all lend to their function as babys rooms. Nursery countries for fishes have been regarded as any countries inhabited by the juveniles, frequently with the grownups populating in separate home grounds. But, this definition of babys room is challenged by Beck et Al, ( 2001 ) he proposes a different image of fish babys rooms a home ground is a babys room for juveniles of a peculiar species if its part per unit country to the production of persons that recruit to magnanimous populations is greater, on norm, than production from other home grounds in which juveniles occur . Harmonizing to this definition babys room is that portion of habitat country of juvenile which are most productive in footings of supply of recruits to adult populations and, hence, to piscaries.Based on the generative form and its association with the Rhizophora mangle fishes can be classified into following four classsa ) Regular spawnersThe spawning application of the species occurs on a regular basis in the Rhizophora mangle. The species are non needfully resident in the part, but they ever use it to engender. e.g. S. rastrifer, B. RonchusB ) periodic spawnersThe spawning activity in the Rhizophora mangle is simply occasional. This part can be used to engender, but there is no grounds that a great figure of persons in this group of species use it. These species are non as abundant in the Rhizophora mangle as those of regular spawners. e.g. C. parallelus, C. edentulusdegree Celsius ) Matures in systemThe spawning activity of the species does non happen in the Rhizophora mangle, but this part is frequented on a regular basis during the concluding stage of ripening. e.g. I. Parvipinnisvitamin D ) Do non uprise in systemThe spawning a ctivity does non happen in the Rhizophora mangle, and the gonadal ripening, if present, does non happen in many single. e.g. P. corvinaeformis, P. brasiliensisThe exact function of Rhizophora mangles as babys rooms are non good understood but a figure of hypotheses have been proposed to explicate this function ( Robertson & A Blaber 1992, Blaber 2000 ) . The three chief hypotheses are that Rhizophora mangles provide juveniles with( 1 ) Safety from maraudersNumerous piscivorous fish enter Rhizophora mangle during the high tide period ( Blaber et al. 1989, Vance et Al. 1996 ) therefore smaller fishes escape their marauders by come ining in Rhizophora mangle. This is attributed by assorted factors structural complexness of submersed flora, shallow H2O and turbidness can give important safeties from marauders, particularly for little, nomadic animate beings ( Robertson & A Duke 1987, Robertson & A Blaber 1992 ) .Mangroves provide the protection from fertilize by structural complexne ss as Rhizophora mangle home ground is really complex structurally because of pneumatophores and fallen dust ( leaves, subdivisions and logs ) , prop roots, buttresses and subdivisions. These constructions provide protection in assorted ways by cut downing prey visibleness, by take downing brush rate of quarry and marauder, and by restricting the ability of marauder to seek for and gaining control quarry ( Ronnback et al. 1999 ) .Shallow H2O status does non favor the entry of big marauders therefore supplying another signifier of garbage for little fishes and crustaceans ( Boesch & A Turner 1984, Blaber 2000 ) . It has been observed at assorted topographic points that little fishes and shrimps moved into more shallow Waterss while larger predatory fishes remained in deeper H2O at the peripheries of the Rhizophora mangles.High turbidness and tone beneath the Rhizophora mangle canopy decreases the submerged visibleness. The turbid and shaded H2O frequently found around Rhizophora ma ngles may therefore supply an limited safety from ocular marauders ( Blaber & A Blaber 1980, Whitfield 1999 ) . Juvenile fishes acquire attracted to turbid countries and may utilize the turbidness gradient to turn up nursery countries. Abundances of some fish species have been found to be higher in countries of higher turbidness ( Blaber 2000 ) .Figure Conceptual conventional diagram of the food and energy fluxes in unfueled Rhizophora mangle ecosystem and the interaction of Rhizophora mangle with next fresh water and offshore marine ecosystem.( Beginning Islam & A Haque, 2005 )( 2 ) Abundance of nutrientNutrient content and primary productiveness are normally really high in mangrove country and nutrient handiness is more for fishes and crustaceans than any other coastal home grounds. Food comes to the Rhizophora mangle system from upstream and from seaward and they are concentrated in mangrove country by pin downing. Primary productiveness in the Rhizophora mangle forest itself attributed to several beginnings including air plants, phytoplankton, mangrove trees, and benthal microalgae ( Ronnback 1999 ) . Assorted fishes consume most of their feed when they come to the mangrove country. Primary productiveness in Rhizophora mangle wood forms the footing of a nutrient web providing abundant and varied trophic resources to higher consumers ( Baran & A Hambrey 1998 ) .Mangrove forest green goods litter throughput the year, they have the ability to bring forth big measures of litter, runing from 10,000 to 14,000 kilograms dry weight/ ha/ twelvemonth ( Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984 ) . Most animals are unable to absorb this straight and necessitate bacterial enrichment before ingestion. However, sesarmid pediculosis pubis can straight devour Rhizophora mangle litter and/or store 30-80 % of the litterfall ( Ronnback 1999 ) . These pediculosis pubiss are eaten by fishes, making a tract for Rhizophora mangle foods to come in nutrient webs.( 3 ) Shelter from physic al perturbationsMangrove home ground is the country of low current, where impact of coastal tide gets reduced. This provides the little juvenile fishes benign physical environment to settle. Mangrove presence increases the abode clip of H2O, particularly in level, broad Rhizophora mangles with complex waterways ( Wolanski & A Ridd 1986 ) .The juveniles of few species of crustaceans, such as banana shrimps Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus ) , are found entirely in Rhizophora mangle ecosystem ( Staples et al. 1985, Vance et Al. 1998, Ronnback et Al. 2002 ) and are described as extremely mangrove-dependent.It has been established from assorted surveies that approximately two tierce of universe s fish and shellfish crop are straight linked to estuarine home ground ( Robertson & A Blaber 1992 ) .Mangrove DestructionAssorted surveies confirm the devastation of Rhizophora mangle throughout the Earth and in peculiar have focused on gauging the entire country cleared, rate of glade, loss of deposits and eroding ( Hatcher et al. 1989, Valiela et Al. 2001, Alongi 2002 ) .

American Politics in the Context of Obama’s Election and the First 100 Days Essay

Though none opposes the fact that motif is the real cause engine of every action, there is considerable differences among the theorists astir(predicate) its weapon, especially when it comes to explore the possibility to bring out the best out in the employees of an organization, where one instill of conception advocates for extrinsic motivating for instant solution and the otherwise insists on capitalizing the long-term efficacy of intrinsic motivation. Under the present context of economic downturn, this disclose is extremely important, as extrinsic motivation primarily involves money.Therefore, this paper explores the core elements of motivation and concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards from relevant literature, before coming into its own conclusion. impression of Motivation The core of motivation contains three elements like Consciousness, Inverted Qualia and wanting(p) Qualia. These three together create various mental states. Consciousness It has six major(ip) i dentifiable states like 1. State of awareness When psyche is aware of some affaire (Rosenthal, 1986). 2. Qualitative states Sensing something out of something like enjoying a meal or experiencing a pain.such(prenominal) experiences are called qualia, and are regarded as intrinsic, private, ineffable and nomadic features of experience, (Dennet, 1990). 3. Phenomenal states A state involving more than sensory qualia, covering spatial, temporal and conceptual organization of experiences about the world and the persons inference about it. 4. What-it-is-like states Associating a sense of experience with another. 5. Access consciousness Its like seeing a thing and ideating something and then deciding on something, where there may or may not be any relationship among the above-said three stages.6. Narrative consciousness This drift of consciousness contains a series of thoughts from the perspective of an actual or merely virtual self (Dennett, 1991). Inverted Qualia It refers to a person al package of intrinsic and compound experiences, with which earthly concern decipher various external signals and respond to them, where the nature of experience governs the nature of response. The difference in perception causes inverted qualia, as for example someone might like green tea and detest coffee for no unexplainable reasons.This trait has a strong connection with intrinsic motivation (Dennet, 1991) Absent Qualia The concept of absent qualia claims that functional duplicates of a creature would do the same. As for example, if Mr. X likes tea and dislikes coffee, then his absolute copy would also do the same, for which the clone would not need an intricate and intrinsic package of experiences (Dennet, 1991). This concept backs the idea of getting result through extrinsic reward as for example, if Mr. X and Mr. Y do identical jobs under identical conditions, then if Mr. X feels satisfied with cash reward, Mr.Y would too follow the suit without a second thoughtThis stud y thus highlights two sets of hidden relationships, one, between inverted qualia and intrinsic motivation/rewards, and two, between absent qualia and extrinsic motivation/rewards. In any case, humans (apparently) involuntary association with rewards too has its routes in their perceptions, which maintain a master list of individual desires, and accordingly propel them to fulfill such desires. Put into an imaginary diagram, the mechanism of human mind can look somewhat like on a lower floor Mechanism of Motivation Motivating ToolsFrom the organizational perspective, the ways and means to proceed the employees can be many. However, the common ones among them are, 1. Rewards 2. Retention 3. Morale 5. Job-enrichment 6. Reinforcement 1. Rewards System Rewards or recognition system has a great bearing on the wound up plane of humans. Every behavior comes out of pain and gain principle, says Khera (2004, p. 110). There can be many types of tangible gains like money, vacations or gifts, or they can be intangible, like recognition, appreciation, sense of achievement, growth, responsibility, sense of fulfillment, self-worth, etc.2. Retention It highly motivates the employees, as Retention is critical to the long term health and success of the company (Heathfield, 2008). 3. Morale The elements like praise, love and faith can charge up anyone under any circumstance. 4. Job Enrichment It relates to the in-house grooming of the employees to become an expert in the related field. 5. Reinforcement. By all means, it is a tool to control the employee behavior (Positive, 2000), which binds the company activities together. former(a) Factors Related to MotivationThere are three other factors that can be instrumental to keep employees motivated, and they are Job Satisfaction, Goal-setting and Performance appraisals. They are considered to be the self-boosters of the employees, and according to Murphy (2001), belief is a thought that causes the provide of subconscious to be di stributed into all phases of life. Motivation and Reward System Reward systems are created to fuel the employee cooperation, effort and overall satisfaction of all members of the company Cacioppe (1999).Other researchers like Hackman (1997) Shea and Guzzo (1987) too have endorsed this view, and suggested to align rewards with group activities. The basic parameter of the formulating a reward structure, however, is expected to apply the common logic like optimizing the powerfulness of the workforce as a whole, though in practice it might go down to an individual, especially where the work patterns are not interdependent. This situation commands a quick review of the nature of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.Intrinsic Rewards Deci (1975) says that intrinsic rewards evoke a sense of personal causation i. e., an inward mechanism lot as the guiding engine for the action, where its elements are usually intangible and working on the plane of ones perception, where the journey is being en joyed over the outcome. alien Rewards Extrinsic rewards are supposed to generate perceptions of external causation (Deci, 1975) by being mostly tangible in nature a hike in salary or status, or material gains in other forms. However, researchers like Guzzo, (1979) defies any division in the reward system and considers it a single, usable tools to roll the frequency of desired response of the employees towards a desired direction.Researchers like Hull (1943) and skinner (1953) placed extrinsic reward as a direct impinging between stimulus and response, and their views include punishment as a stimulus too, besides subscribing to the power of stimulus. Reaction No matter how much Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) wanted to establish extrinsic motivation as the best motivating tool to earn competitive advantage, extrinsic motivation carries a hidden comprise besides the cost involved in its implementation. Researchers like Deci and Ryan (1985) used attribution theory and suggested t hat humans constantly reassess the reasons for their behaviors besides others.Before that, Lepper et al. (1973) had observed that musical accompaniment generates two effects for the management, like gaining control over activity or fastening the process two, the backlash effect in absence of reinforcement. The example below would explain it better A group or an individual gets a reward of x amount of money for a period y, where x+y=m, m being the increased rate of production. Before that, the situation was y=z where production was z. Now in the absence of reinforcement and with the influence of attribution theory, the situation would stand like y-x = n, where n z.This clearly goes against the basic reason for motivating the employees, i. e. , to enhance the profit of the organization. Engagement occurs when an employee connects senseally with his work, says Paul Glen (2007), and if one checks the mechanism of motivation, one gets convinced that extrinsic motivation cannot influen ce the employees to connect emotionally with their work, as it is guided by absent qualia, i. e. , a momentary and involuntary chase, where emotion has no role to play.On the other hand, the intrinsic motivation is guided by inverted qualia, i.e. , conscious chase and that clearly takes along emotion in its journey and influence the human mind in no less than six ways. Conclusion The research and discussion above clearly shows that extrinsic motivation system can be a threat in disguise for the organizations especially under the present context of economic downturn, while intrinsic motivation can be the ideal solution under the same circumstance, where it can raise emotional attachment with the organization and inspire the employees to produce more for less.References Cacioppe, R. (1999). exploitation team-individual reward and recognition strategies to drive organizational success. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 20(6), pp. 322-331. Deci, E. and Ryan, R. (1985) In trinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. unexampled York Plenum Press. Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York Plenum. Denett, D. C. (1990). Quining qualia. In Mind and Cognition, W. Lycan (Ed. ), Oxford Blackwell, 519-548.Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston Little, Brown and Company. Glen, P. (2007). You Cant Outsource Retention. Computerworld, July 16, 2007. Guzzo, R. A. (1979). Types of rewards, cognitions, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 4(1), pp. 75-86. Hackman, J. R. (1997). Why teams dont work. In R. S. Tindale, J. Edwards, & E. J. Posavac (Eds. ) Applications of theory and research on groups to social issues. New York Plenum.

Need of a Strengthened Species Act Essay

There lived a bird cal conduct Passenger Pigeon in North America. A century ago people could see them in thousands or even in millions. Sadly, there are very few of them left today. The species called passenger pigeons was becaming extinct like many opposite species. Obviously, there were no laws to protect be species, resulting in the large scale destruction of the native habitat. Providing legislation is, in any case, one important aspect in shaping environmentalism. fetching todays increasing threats towards the environment in to account, a collaborative operation and response become increasingly inevitable. It would provide opportunities towards expanding the value of implementing responsibility and changes with the on-going challenges. Therefore, the capacity of exploring the phylogeny of the be Species Act (ESA) remains to be considered and vital. So this paper will analyze the present scenario to focus on the issue should the endangered species act be strengthened?By ad dressing the specific loopholes in its legislation and expanding its policies to meet the latest demands of today, the ESA can fully utilize its value in ensuring a mutual accountability to the government and the citizenry. However, considering the current environmental challenges, the analysis shall look into the differing perspectives concerning the viability of expanding the tenets inscribed within the ESA. It includes formulating and assessing how each side corresponds to either its development or abolition. provide to this avenue can help provide effective representation of issues shaping these diverging perspectives.Contradicting Ideas of Development of ESA Proponents seek to establish new principles and avenues which can address the current trends of today. On analyzing the contradicting Ideas about the expansion of ESA, the principle that has always been advocated is the reinforcement of new patterns towards amending the law, which can help standardize measures that are imp ortant today and cultivate snap off means for participation among the citizenry and the government (Desiderio, 2002). At the same time, the current conditions among species, considerably needs attention.Given the continued strategy to exhaust resources, updating the ESA would found to be a constructive strategy in creating new means for consolidating efforts such as budgeting, policies, and programs for preservation (United States Senate, 2005). On the other hand, the contrasting perspective considers the abolishment of the ESA. The main reason for this revolves around the inability of the law to further address the environmental problems. It points out that the accounts for change only resulted to further degradation due to the loopholes associated with this economy (Miller and Spoolman, 2008).Seeing this, it is indeed crucial to provide the responsibility towards institutions, organizations, and citizens that are more concerned, dynamic, and adaptive to the continuous change ha ppening in the system. These avenues in turn need better means of addressing endangered species without ample consideration to existing standards related to policies (Easton, 2009). Critically analyzing the issue, the value of expanding the ESA is one approach that can involve the government in efforts to address the problems of the environment.In particular, it considers the ability to shape furthering and expanding conservation efforts. With the ability of the US government to provide support through budgeting and enacting of rules and standards, it creates better means of consolidating the threats to endangered species (Miller and Spoolman, 2008). much(prenominal) directions then infuse creating a consensus towards creating a society that is responsive and responsible towards sustainability, preservation, and conservation of todays endangered species. At the same time, expanding the ESA also culminates the treat of infusing the role of the government in social concerns.Since e nvironmental conservation and protection of endangered species goes along with other social issues, pointing out new prospects for ESA can kip down important results (e. g. expanding the protection of animals, habitat conservation, and exhaustion of resources). Allowing this work out to occur justifies the cause of establishing relationships and widens the scope of application as the interplay of groups and individuals becomes fully realized (Desiderio, 2002). Making ESA More Reasonable, rough-and-ready and AcceptedOverall, it is important now to use all the available sources to recognize how the conflicting perspectives contribute to the process of negotiations and ascertaining interests. Such directions can then establish the process of how ESA not only consolidates the value of protection and conservation but also be an instrument towards furthering opportunities to reach out, communicate, and respond to the increasing threats towards sustainability and adherence to current tr ends. whiz of the main objectives of enhancing the ESA should be the maximum utilization of the money spent and recovery efforts made for the benefit to of the suggested species.Economic factors are to play no part in listing species is an original ESA mandate. While designating critical habitat, as well as accounting for species impact in development, both require a complex balance of environmental versus economic factors (Environmental Policy Issues 2004). An example to the importance of this objective is the Pacific salmon population of the Columbia River Basin. The region includes parts of Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada and some parts of Canada. constantly since the first listing of the Salmon population under ESA, the Bonneville Power Administration alone has spent $3.5 billion on recovery efforts. However, to this date no published reference, to the benefits given to this five listed population by this large amount of money, have come into light (Shepar d 2002). Considering the fact that ESA is the prime piece of legislation that protects the biodiversity, development is inevitable in ESA on such facts as a) enhancing the recognized causes of decline in the compute of species, b) numbering of critical species must be done on a newly developed scientific base and the recovery plans needs to be very active.An assumption within the current ESA is that the species are declining in number because of the loss of habitat. Shepherd (2002) stated that many raptors including Bald Eagles are declined in number because of the thinning effect in the insecticide DDT on glob shells. Pacific Salmon has been declining due to climatic and ocean conditions. Some of these causations are beyond our capacity to control. Habitat loss had a telling effect on decline of most of the species like buffalo which were once numerous on the grass lands of United States.Those historical grass land habitats have now been converted into farms, cities, plantations and interstate highways. It is important now for ESA to recognize all the reasons for the decline of species. ESA would need bland more responsible agencies to decide a few information in timely manner. First of all the determination should be accurate and impeccable on population size of species that how many potential inter breeding individuals that it whitethorn not become extinct. Secondly, the determination needs to be accurately made on the numbers are sufficiently increased and to be removed from the ESA list.Moreover, what action needs to be taken in order to increase the size of the population. ESA must direct the agencies to develop such administrative steps so that their decisions would be wholly based on the available science. ESA needs an enhancement which would ensure that every decision taken and implemented is scientific. The data collection can be done by the agencies with a complete co-operation of the public. The goal of the Endangered Species Act is not only to prevent extinction but also to bring species endure to healthy population levels.The FWS describes recovery as the process by which the decline of an endangered or threatened species is arrested or reversed, and threats removed or reduced so that the species survival in the wild can be ensured (Species Report Card 1997). That is why Shepherd (2002) insists on the active recovery plans. An active plan skill include a description of site specific management plans which would be helpful to achieve conservation and survival of the species. The recovery plan must propose the target population number and the criteria to assess when the targeted population number is achieved.There needs to be a schedule to implement the project with all the priorities and budget. The species address card calls for even more specifications on the recovery plans such as species reintroduction, habitat acquisition, captive propagation, habitat restoration and protection, population assessments, research a nd technical service for landowners, and public didactics. A time limit for a regulatory action is a federal statute mandate. The private sector undergo severe impacts if a decision is delayed resulting in a non issuance or non authorization of a permit.The private institutions might even be put out of ancestry on such regulatory responsiveness is shown by any federal agency. One way to possibly change these attitudes and behaviors is, says Shepard (2002), by making continuing education an integral part of the technical staffs career. Training in the specific scientific and management knowledge needed to efficiently and effectively fulfill a chore description is not asking too much of anyone. And it is a very good use of public funds and public employee time. Such changes in the ESA garbage disposal are vital for an effective and fruitful implementation of ESA.Enhancing in ESA is inevitable as it is extreme and inflexible in mandating the protection of every species regardless of other considerations. The 1970s case of the snail darter (Percina tanasi), a small fish on the Little Tennessee River that was threatened with extinction by the building of a dam, led to an amendment allowing petitions for exemption from ESA requirements. More recently, critics have questioned the science behind ESA enforcement, arguing that healthy species are placed on the protected list.Finally, the judicial costs are bulky lawsuits from both pro-environmental and pro-growth factions add greatly to the expense of enforcing the ESA (Environmental Policy Issues 2004). Conclusion ESA is often measured as the most thriving section of environmental legislation it still has the reputation of being controversial. The suggestions made here, after analyzing the conflicting perspectives are technical enough to advance the force behind the implementation of ESA. This will provide an meliorate co-operation and adherence from the part of the regulated public towards the realization of a better working statute.Thus the ESA should evolve itself to include sound since in order to bend controversies. References Desiderio, M. (2002) Chapter 27 ESA Reform Facing Hard Truths. The Endangered Species Act law, policy, and perspectives. eds. Baur, D. C. , Irvin, W. R. , American Bar Associaton and Section of Environment, Energy and Resources. (US American Bar Association) pp. 533-544 Easton (2009) Principle Versus Politics Should the Endangered Species Act Be Strengthened? Taking Sides Clashing Views on Environmental Issues. 13th ed. (US McGraw-Hill Companies).Environmental Policy Issues (2004) The Endangered species act Issues Proquest Cambridge Information group. http//www. csa. com/discoveryguides/ern/04jun/overview. php accessed on 11th May, 2010. Miller, G. T. and Spoolman, S. (2008) Case Study U. S. Endangered Species Act. Sustaining the Earth. (US Cengage Learning). Shepard, B. R (2002) How to Improve the Endangered Species Act Applied Ecosystem Services Inc. Troutdal e Species Report Card (1997) Association of biodiversity information and the temper conservancy The state of US plants and animals. United States Senate (2005) Endangered Species Act hearing. (US DIANE Publishing).

Human anatomy and Physiology Essay

1. Ketones are formed by the breakdown of which bosoms?Fats for energy a process called ketosis2. Hyperglycemia stimulates the secretion of which substance from the pancreas? Insulin3. Hypoglycemia stimulates the secretion of which substance from the pancreas? Glucagon4. What type of assay was used to measure plasma glucose and ketone levels? glucose, oxidase, peroxide, dianisidine5. 5. What type of assay was used to measure plasma insulin and glucagon levels? glucose, oxidase, peroxide, dianisidine6. When was the pipeline glucose concentration the highest?Immediately after the meal7. Why was blood glucose concentration the highest at this time? Food and beverage intake8. When was insulin concentration at its highest?1-3 hour after meal9. What effect leave alone the high concentration of insulin have on the blood glucose levels? Insulin will lower the blood glucose level to normal. 10. When was the glucagon concentration at its highest?Before the meal(Fasting)11. How does glucago n affect blood glucose levels?Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. High blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin.12. Sucrase splits sucrose into _________ and __________. glucose and fructose13. Sucrase is found in which part of the GI tract?stomach14. Regarding the effect of temperature on enzyme action mechanism, what was the independent variable? Temperature15. State the optimum pH for sucrase activity.PH of 616. What happens to the activity of sucrase as the pH becomes more alkaline?Temperature increases17. Compare optimal temperature for sucrase activity to body temperature. Sucrase temperature is more active when it close to body temperature.18. How would a lean fever affect sucrase activity? Increase the sucrose activity.19. Referring to the table above, specifically state where in the intestine sucrase is likely most active. duodenum20. salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch, has an optimal pH of 6.7- 7.0. Explain why salivary amylase is active in the mouth, but becomes inactive in the stomach. Salivary amylase is an enyme thats active in the mouth in order to break down starch into glucose it carries it function out in the environment where the PH is 6.7- 7.0 however activity decreases are the PH changes which is the stomach where the environment is more acidic.

Literature Review Methods For Artificial Recharge Environmental Sciences Essay

It is the simplest, oldest and most widely applied method of unreal recharge. This method involves bulge distributing of H2O in basins that atomic number 18 excavated in the bing terrain.For effectual unreal recharge, extremely permeable dirts atomic number 18 suited and c ar of a bed of H2O everywhere the extremely permeable dirts is necessary.When direct discharge is practiced, the sum of H2O come ining the aquifer depends on three factors the infiltration rate, the infiltration rate, and the capacity for horizontal H2O motion. recharge by distributing basins is most effectual where in that respect are no impending beds amongst the wreak show up and the aquifer and where clear H2O is available for recharge.The common line of work in reloading by surface spreading is choke offing of the surface crush by suspended deposit in the recharge H2O or by microbic growing.The estimated costs associated with the usage of recharge basins are high since the basins depend on both inf iltration rates and land values.The estimated land involve ( hour angle ) depends upon the quite a littletric rate of recharge and the infiltration rate i.e. Flow Rate ( m3/d ) / Infiltration Rate ( m3/ha/d )Vadose order snapshot redeeming(prenominal) charge or nip Wellss are utilise to straight reload H2O into deep water- baby carriage zones. Recharge Wellss could be cased through the stuff overlying the aquifer and if the Earth stuffs are unconsolidated, a screen whitethorn be placed in the wholesome in the zone of blastoff.In some instances, some(prenominal) recharge Wellss may be installed in the same borehole.Recharge Wellss are suited merely in countries where a midst imperviable bed exists surrounded by the surface of the dirt and the aquifer to be replenished.They are besides advantageous in countries where land is scarce.A comparatively high rate of recharge can be attained by this method.The life rhythm of vadose zone crack Wellss is really unsure since they a re an emerging engineering.However, they are more economical than recharge basins or direct injection Wellss as they provide some of the advantages of both recharge basins and direct injection Wellss.Direct shooting WellThey can shoot H2O straight into unimprisoned aquifers or confined aquifers.Where unconfined aquifers are unavailable, direct injection Wellss are the lone option for groundwater recharge and are capable of at the same age shooting H2O into several aquifers.However, direct injection Wellss are expensive, necessitate advanced pre-treatment engineering and advanced engineering for care.Land H2O recharge by direct injection is practicedWhere groundwater is deep or where the topography or bing land usage makes surface distributing impractical or excessively expensive,When direct injection is curiously effectual in making freshwater barriers in coastal aquifers against invasion of seawater,When both in surface spreading and direct injection, turn uping the duplication ction rise up as great a distance as possible from the spreading basins or the injection wells increases the flow way length and abode clock time of the recharged H2O. These separations in infinite and in clip contribute to the commixture of the recharge H2O and the other aquifer contents, and the loss of individuality of the recharged H2O originated from municipal effluent.Major Features of Aquifer Recharge MethodologiesRecharge BasinsVadose injection WellssDirect injection WellssAquifer TypeUnconfinedUnconfinedUnconfined or ConfinedPre-Treatment RequirementsLow TechnologyRemoval of solidsHigh TechnologyEstimated Major great Costs US $Land and Distribution System$ 25000-75000 per good$ 500000-1500000 per goodCapacity1000-20000 m3/ha/d1000-3000 m3/well/d2000-6000 M3s /well/d sell RequirementsDrying and ScrapingDrying and DisinfectionDisinfection and Flow ReversalEstimated Life Cycle& gt 100 old ages5-20 old ages25-50 old agesS vegetable oil Aquifer TreatmentVadose zones and Satu rated zonesVadose zones and Saturated zonesSaturated zones( line United Nations Environment Program )History of direct injection Wellss in the United StatesWidespread usage of injection Wellss began in the 1930s to dispose of seawater generated during oil production. shot efficaciously disposed of unwanted seawater, preserved surface Waterss, and in some geological formations, enhanced the recuperation of oil,In the 1950s, chemical companies began shooting industrial wastes into deep Wellss. As chemical fabrication increased, so did the usage of deep injection. Injection was a safe and cheap option for the government of unwanted and frequently risky industrial by-products,In 2010, the EPA finalized ordinances for geologic segregation of CO2. This concluding regulation created a new category of Wellss, Class VI. Class VI Wellss are used entirely for the pattern of long term storage ofA CO2.( beginning United States Environmental Protection Agency )Types of Injection WellssClass 1Class I Wellss are those that inject industrial, municipal and risky wastes infra the deepest belowground beginning of absorb H2O ( USDW ) .Class I wells can be subdivided by the types of waste injected risky, non-hazardous, and municipal waste H2O.Hazardous wastes are those industrial wastes that are specifically defined as risky in federal jurisprudence. Many of these Wellss are located along the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast. This country has a big figure of waste generators such as refineries and chemical workss every bit good as deep geologic formations that are ideal for the injection of wastes.Non-hazardous wastes are any other industrial wastes that do non run into the legal definition of risky wastes and can include a broad assortment of fluids.municipal wastes, which are non specifically defined in federal ordinances, are wastes associated with sewerage wastewater that has received intervention.Site Selection and DistributionSite choice for a Class I disposal good is depen dent upon geologic and hydrogeological conditions, and merely certain countries are suited. Most of the favourable locations are by and large in the mid-continent, Gulf Coast, and Great Lakes part of the state, though some other countries are besides safe for Class I well sites.The procedure of choosing a site for a Class I disposal good involves measuring many factors. To take in consideration foremost is the finding that the belowground formations possess the natural ability to curb and sequestrate the injected waste. One of import portion of this finding is the rating of the history of temblor activity. If a location shows this type of instability in the subsurface, it may intend that fluids testament non remain contained in the injection zone, bespeaking the well should non be located in that peculiar location.A 2nd of import factor is finding if any improperly abandoned Wellss, mineral resources that provide economic militias or belowground beginnings of imbibing H2O are id entified in the country. These resources are evaluated to guarantee that the injection good bequeath non do negative impacts.A elaborate survey is conducted to find the suitableness of the belowground formations for disposal and parturiency.The injection zone in the receiving formation moldiness be of sufficient size ( both over a big country and thickness ) and have sufficient porousness and permeableness to accept and incorporate the injected wastes. The part around the well should be geologically stable, and the injection zone should non incorporate recoverable mineral resources such as ores, oil, coal, or gas.Operating and Monitoring RequirementsThe in operation(p) conditions for the well are closely studied and are limited in the license to do certain that the twinge per unit area at which the fluids will be pumped into the subsurface is safe, that the stone units can safely have the volume of fluids to be disposed of, and that the waste watercourse is compatible with all th e well building constituents and the natural features of the stones into which the fluids will be injected.Class I injection Wellss are continuously monitored and controlled, normally with sophisticated computing machines and digital equipment. Thousands of informations points ab come out of the closet the pumping force per unit area for fluid disposal, the force per unit area in the ring between the injection tube and the well shell ( that shows there are no leaks in the well ) , and informations on the fluid being disposed of, such as its temperature and flow rate, are monitored and recorded each twenty-four hours. Alarms are connected to sound if anything out of the ordinary happens, and if unusual force per unit areas are sensed by the monitoring equipment, the well automatically shuts off.Class 2Class II injection Wellss have been used in oil field related activities since the 1930 s. Today there are about 170,000. Class II injection Wellss located in 31 provinces.Class II Well ss are capable to a regulative procedure which requires a proficient reappraisal to guarantee equal protection of imbibing H2O and an administrative reappraisal specifying operational guidelines.Class II Wellss are categorized into three subclasses salinity H2O disposal Wellss, enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) wells, and hydrocarbon storage Wellss.Salt Water Disposal Wells As oil and natural gas are brought to the surface, they by and large are versatile with salt H2O. Geologic formations are selected to have the produced Waterss, which are reinjected through disposal Wellss and enhanced recovery Wellss. These Wellss have been used as a standard pattern in the oil and gas industry for many decennaries and are capable to mandate by regulative bureaus.Enhanced Oil Recovery Wells ( EOR ) are used to increase production and protract the life of oil-producing Fieldss. Secondary recovery is an EOR procedure normally referred to as water-flooding. In this procedure, salt H2O that was co-pro duced with oil and gas is reinjected into the oil-producing formation to drive oil into pumping Wellss, ensuing in the recovery of extra oil. Third recovery is an EOR procedure that is used after secondary recovery methods become ineffective or wasteful. Third recovery methods include the injection of gas, H2O with particular additives, and steam to keep and widen oil production. These methods allow the maximal sum of the oil to be retrieved out of the subsurface.Hydrocarbon storage Wellss are by and large used for the belowground storage of rough oil and liquid hydrocarbons in of course occurrence salt or stone formations. The Wellss are designed for both injection and removal of the stored hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons are injected into the formation for storage and subsequently pumped back out for processing and usage.OperationssTypically, oil, gas, and salt H2O are separated at the oil and gas production installations. The salt H2O is so either piped or trucked to the injectio n site for disposal or EOR operations. There, the salt H2O is transferred to keeping armored combat vehicles and pumped down the injection good. For EOR, the salt H2O may be treated or augmented with other fluids prior to injection. In some EOR instances, fresh H2O, or fresh H2O converted to steam, is injected to maximise oil recovery.Injection good operations are regulated in ways to forestall the taint of USDWs and to guarantee unstable arrangement and parturiency within the authorised injection zone. This includes restrictions on factors such as the force per unit area that can be used to pump the H2O or steam into the well, or the volume of the injectate.Testing and MonitoringAfter puting Class II injection Wellss in service, land H2O protection is assured by proving and supervising the Wellss. Injection force per unit areas and volumes are monitored as a valuable index of good public presentation. Effective monitoring is of import since it can place jobs below land in the well so that disciplinary action can be taken rapidly to forestall hazard of USDWs.Class 3They are related to mineral extraction.The techniques these Wellss use for mineral extraction may be divided into two basic classs solution excavation of salts and S, and in situ remove ( in topographic point leaching ) for assorted minerals such as Cu, gold, or U.Solution excavation techniques are used headly for the extraction of salts and S. For common salt, the solution excavation procedure involves injection of comparatively fresh H2O, which so dissolves the belowground salt formation. The ensuing brine solution is pumped to the surface, either through the infinite between the tube and the shell in the injection good, or through separate production Wellss. The technique for solution excavation of S is known as the Frasch procedure. This procedure consists of shooting superheated H2O down the infinite between the tube and the shells of the injection good and into the sulfur-bearing formations to run the S. The liquefied S is extracted from the subsurface through the tube in the injection good, with the assistance of tight air, which mixes with the liquid S and airlifts it to the surface.In situ leaching is normally used to pull out Cu, gold and U. Uranium is the prevailing mineral mined by this technique. The U in situ leaching procedure involves injection of a impersonal H2O solution incorporating atoxic chemicals ( e.g. , O and C dioxide ) down the well. This bastioned H2O is circulated through an belowground ore thorough structure or mineral zone to fade out the U particles that coat the sand grains of the ore organic structure. The ensuing uranium-rich solution is so pumped to the surface, where the U is extracted from the solution and the leaching solution is recycled back into the ore organic structure through the injection good.Class 4Class IV Wellss have been identified by the restrictive Bodies as a important menace to human wellness and the environment since these Wellss introduce really unsafe wastes into or above a possible imbibing H2O beginning. The Regulatory Bodies has banned the usage of these Wellss for many old ages. However, due to both accidents and illegal knowing Acts of the Apostless, Class IV Wellss are still sporadically found at assorted locations.Regulators evaluate site conditions, find what actions need to be taken to clean up the well and environing country, and for good shut the well so extra risky wastes can non come in the subsurface through the well. This good category may include storm drains where spills of risky wastes enter the land or infected systems where risky waste watercourses are combined with healthful waste.Although otherwise banned, there is one case where Class IV Wellss are allowed. In these instances the Wellss are used to assist clean up bing taint. Sites exist where risky wastes have entered aquifers due to spills, leaks or similar releases into the subsurface.Some redress engineerings require the contaminated land H2O to be pumped out of the subsurface, treated at the surface to take certain contaminations, and so pumped back into the contaminated formation. The procedure fundamentally creates a large intervention cringle for the land H2O.( beginning land H2O protection council )Advantages of Artificial RechargeThe usage of aquifers for storage and distribution of H2O and remotion of contaminations by natural cleansing procedures which occur as contaminated rain surface H2O infiltrate the dirt and leach down through the assorted geological formations.Groundwater recharge is preferred because there are negligible vaporization losingss, the H2O is non vulnerable to secondary taint by animate beings or worlds, and there are no algae blooms ensuing in diminishing surface H2O quality.In stone formations with high, structural unity, few extra stuffs may be required ( concrete, metal rods ) to build the well.Groundwater recharge shops H2O during the moisture season for usage i n the prohibitionist season when demand is highest.Aquifer H2O can be improved by reloading with high quality injected H2O.Aquifers provide big sums of storage capacity that can be made available through auifer recharge hence increasing the sustainable output of the aquifer.Most aquifer recharge systems are easy to run.Disadvantages of Artificial RechargeIn the absence of fiscal inducements, Torahs, or other ordinances to promote landholders to keep drain Wellss adequately, the Wellss may fall into disrepair and finally becomes beginnings of groundwater taint.There is a possible for taint of the groundwater from injected surface H2O run-off, particularly from agricultural Fieldss and route surfaces. In most instances, the surface H2O overflow is non pre-treated before injection.Recharge can degrade the aquifer unless quality control of the injected H2O is equal.Unless important volumes can be injected into an aquifer, groundwater recharge may non be economically executable.( begin ning Spandre R- EOLSS )Artificial Recharge in MauritiusThe aquifers in Mauritius are chiefly of the leaky type ( geology of Mauritius ) . A leaky aquifer can be confined or unconfined and it can lose or derive H2O through aquitards jumping them from either above and/or below.There are five chief aquifers and the addition in demand for groundwater has caused extraction of fresh waters from aquifers.The fresh water has been lowered to such an extent that saltwater has invaded permeable underside beds bearing fresh water. This phenomenon is known as saltwater invasion.The aquifer becomes contaminated with salt which may go really hard and dearly-won to handle the H2O.

Comparison of Healthcare Policies between France and the US

IntroductionThis essay aims to critic entirey discuss well-disposed policies on wellnesscare between France and the US. Similarities and differences on the social policies of these two countries lead be discussed. The first let on of this essay aims to explore how normal funding for wellness care serve in twain(prenominal) countries address health inequalities. A critical discussion on health care function available in both countries and the design to which oecumenical access to health care services is applyd shall excessively be made. The second part presents the challenges that both countries face in addressing health care issues. healthcare policies that address these issues will also be critically appraised. The trey part provides an analysis on whether France and USA are converging or fol menialing alley habituation on their health care policies. A brief conclusion summarising key points raised in this essay will be presented in the end.Healthcare Services an d Public Spending for HealthcareThe healthcare strategy in France is described as a mix of private and creation insurers and providers (Cases, 2006). This means that around the whole secern is strain by earthly concern policy, which in turn are funded by employers and employees. In addition to public health insurance, a minority also purchases private insurance to complement existing public health insurances. Private providers support outpatient care while public providers provide inpatient care in hospital settings (Cases, 2006). France enthralls relatively good health compared to the US. The Organisation for Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2013) Health Statistics in 2013 reveals that life expectancy in France is blue at 82.2 and is currently ranked third amongst OECD countries. In rail line, life expectancy in the US is amongst the lowest at 78.7 (OECD, 2013).The difference in life expectancy in both countries is a pretend of misgiving since the US has one of th e most expensive healthcare systems in the OECD and yet fares worse in health outcomes, including life expectancy(Baldock, 2011). The OECD (2013) nones that compared to France and other large OECD countries, the US spends twice as much per individual on healthcare. Interestingly, public health disbursal for health is highest in the US compared to all OECD countries. However, it does not practice universal healthcare insurance coverage with the public supporting only 32% of the total healthcare exist (OECD, 2011). Individuals suitable for Medicaid include the elderly, families with small children and those with disabilities (Rosenbaum, 2011). Approximately 53% of the US cosmos is covered through the Patient auspices and low-priced Act or Obamacare (Rosenbaum, 2011). Under this Act, employers are required to purchase health insurances for their employees. Only a small portion of businesses pays for full coverage with majority requiring their employees to share in the cost of their health insurances (Rosenbaum, 2011).The OECD (2009a) states that 46 million people in the US are left without public or private health insurance. This could place a significant burden to the US healthcare system that is struggling in providing honest access to healthcare services in the country. The World Health Organization (2014) exempts that equitable access is strived when individuals, no matter of their socio sparing berth, please the same typeface and pure tone of healthcare. This is not achieved in the US where statistics (OECD, 2009a) continues to show that high-income multitudes enjoy erupt health and appropriately covered by healthcare insurances while those in the lower socio economic status continue to film poorer health status. This disparity in health status and healthcare insurance coverage continues to be a challenge in the US.Public expending per capita in the US continues to be the highest in the OECD countries even with the increased participatio n of the private sector in financing healthcare in the country (OECD, 2013). In impudent geezerhood, the OECD (2013) observes that public using up across OECD countries continue to decline. On average, healthcare expenditure of these countries only grew by 0.2% in the last 4 years. While there is a variation on the decrease of public spending, the major reason for the slowdown is cod to drastic cuts in health expenditures. In France, the Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) currently covers near all residents. Until 2000, SHI covered 100% of all residents (Franc and Polton, 2006).Today, almost all of the residents are yet covered under SHI. However, a few have purchased private health insurances to complement SHI. Public spending for healthcare is 77.9% while France spends 11.9% of its GDP in healthcare (OECD, 2011). This is in contrast with the US where public spending for healthcare accounts to only 47.7% entirely spends 17.9% of its GDP on healthcare (OECD, 2011). Interesti ngly, SHI covers both efficacious and illegal residents in France. This is opposite in the US where illegal residents are not covered by publicly funded healthcare insurance. There are approximately 21 million immigrants in the US with most having an illegal resident status ( sour, 2011). Health coverage remains to be a concern for this group since they work on jobs that pay very low wages and with no healthcare coverage. Hence, this group is three times much likely to have no healthcare coverage (Stanton, 2006). Currently, this group comprises 20% of the total uninsured population in the US (Moody, 2011). The lack of universal coverage in the US implys that healthcare policies in the US may not be inclusive as opposed to France where almost all residents have private or public health insurance coverage.Rosenbaum (2011) explains that the Patient protection and Affordable Act or Obamacare is pass judgment to boost healthcare coverage for legal immigrants who are in low paying jo bs. However, only legal immigrants who have been in the US for at least five years could qualify for Medicaid or purchase state-based health insurances. Currently, all states in the US have expanded Medicaid coverage to low-income groups. Specifically, a family of four with a combined annual income of $33,000.00 and an individual with $15,800.00 yearly income are now worthy for Medicaid. This legislation provides health coverage to approximately 57% of the uninsured population in the US (CDC, 2011). For legal immigrants who have not reached five years of stay in the US or are earning more than the Medicaid limit are allowed federal subsidy when purchasing state-based health insurances (CDC, 2011).As opposed to France where illegal immigrants enjoy the same healthcare coverage as legal immigrants and citizens, those in the US on illegal status remain uninsured and could not purchase state-based health insurances (CDC, 2011). Healthcare access for this group is limited to familiarit y health centres across the country. It is noteworthy that only 8,500 confederacy health centres are in existence now and yet they cater to at least 22 million people each year (CDC, 2011). to the highest degree half of those who access primary health centres are the uninsured. While hospitals are required by legal philosophy to provide emergency care for all individuals regardless of their resident status, those who are uninsured do not have health coverage to sustain their long-term healthcare needs (Rosenbaum, 2011). Current healthcare policies in the US might actually promote health ine look since it only provides primary basic healthcare services (CDC, 2011) to the marginalised group, which may include low-income and ethnic groups.In France, The Bismarckian admittance to healthcare has been used for some(prenominal) decades but in recent years, there is now an adoption of the Beveridge approach (Chevreul et al., 2010). In the former, health coverage tends to be uniform an d concentrated while in the latter, the single public payer model is promoted. In the Bismarckian approach, everyone should be given the same access to healthcare services while the Beveridge model allows for stronger state intervention (Chevreul et al., 2010). This also suggests that tax-based revenues are used to finance healthcare. The mix of both models is necessary to suffice to the increase demands for healthcare in the country and to regulate the increase cost of healthcare. Chevreul et al. (2010) emphasise that the SHI is now experiencing deficit due to increase rise of healthcare expenditure in the country.The cut parliament, through the Ministry of Health regulates expenditure by enacting laws and regulations. Importantly, France regulates prices of specific medical procedures and drugs (Chevreul and Durand-Zaleski, 2009). This development is crucial since failure to regulate prices could further drive up healthcare be. However, regulation of prices of medical devices r emains to be poor. In a survey (OECD, 2009b), expenditures for medical devices is high and amounts to 19 billion annually. Although it comprises 55% of the pharmaceutical market, increased demand for medical devices have also increased SHI expenditures on these devices (Cases and Le Fur, 2008). It should be note that only 60% of the medical devices are covered by SHI (Cases and Le Fur, 2008). Regulation of the prices of these medical devices is not as strong as the market for drugs and other major medical equipment. This implies that change magnitude healthcare be of medical devices could have an impact on public health spending policies in France.Healthcare Issues and ChallengesOne of the major issues in both countries is the rising healthcare expenditure. As noted by the OECD (2013), there is a disparity between healthcare expenditure and rising healthcare be in OECD countries. The average increase in healthcare expenditure only amounts to 0.2% and yet healthcare cost continue s to rise. In France, this disparity has promoted the Ministry of Health to increase private insurance of its members to help cover healthcare services not normally covered by the SHI. In the US, the debate on Obamacare and the reluctance of the government to cover illegal residents continue to be a challenge in providing equitable healthcareMeanwhile, high cost of medicines could have an impact on healthcare, especially amongst those who are covered by Medicaid and those who could barely expend state-subsidised healthcare insurances (Moody, 2011). This is in contrast to France where cost containment is in place for medicines. To illustrate the lack of healthcare costs regulations, the US spends more on developing medical technologies, which only benefits a few of the patients. The country is also burthen with high administration and pharmaceutical costs. Doctors in the country are also amongst the highest paid in the OECD countries (Greve, 2013). Moody (2011) argues that cost con tainment remains to be a problem since lowering down prices of medicines or healthcare costs for beneficiaries of Medicaid would lead to doctors reluctance to treat Medicaid patients.The lack of priorities in healthcare spending in the US has resulted in higher spending on certain areas and low spending on others. However, this does not translate to better health outcomes for the whole population. Elderly care is one area where there is high spending but the amount of spending does not necessarily translate to better health outcomes. As noted by Haplin et al. (2010), the elderly are more vulnerable to chronic healthcare conditions, such as dementia, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes. Hence, healthcare costs for this group are relatively higher compared to other members in a community. In a report published by Stanton (2006), approximately 40% of US healthcare expenditure is devoted to elderly care, but this group only comprises 13% of countrys population. It is projected that in the succeeding years, healthcare cost for this group will continue to rise with the ageing of the US population (Stanton, 2006).The same issue is also seen in France, where increasing healthcare cost for the elderly is also expected in the succeeding years (Franc and Polton, 2006). Both countries also lack coordination of care and gatekeeping for the elderly. Although there is an emphasis on elderly care in both countries, lack of continuity of care often leads to poor quality care, duplication of healthcare, waste and over-prescription (Franc and Polton, 2006 Evans and Docteur and Oxley, 2003 Stoddard, 2003). In France, this issue was first addressed through the creation of provider networks and increasing the gate-keeping roles of the general practitioners (GPs). However, the latter was largely unsuccessfully and finally abolished with the introduction of the 2004 Health Insurance Act (Franc and Polton, 2006). In this brand-new legislation, patients have the freedom to choose their own healthcare providers or primary point of contact. most(prenominal) of the primary points of contact are GPs. This scheme is successful in France due to incentives offered to the patients and GPs. This scheme has been suggested to improve the quality of care received by the patients since there is more coordination of care between GPs and specialists (Naiditch and Dourgnon, 2009). This scheme also drives up the cost of visits to specialists and could have influence healthcare financing policies (De Looper and La Fortune, 2009 Naiditch and Dourgnon, 2009).Another issue viridity to both countries is the competition between hospitals for patients who can afford private healthcare. Consumer demands for healthcare in the US have increased. Hospitals respond by increasing their services to separate them from their competitors (Moody, 2011). For instance, by-products of this competition results to increasing the size of the patient room and providing in-house services such as full kitchens, family lounges and business service. All these have not been related to meliorate health outcomes of the patients. In France, the differences in healthcare costs between publicly funded hospitals and private for-profit hospitals spark a debate on whether common tariffs are the solution to cost containment (Chevreul et al., 2010). Despite the implementation of common tariffs, there is still a growing difference on the healthcare costs between the private and public sectors. Currently, the reform plan Hospital 2007 (Chevreul et al., 2010) states that the objective of introducing a common tariff for public and private hospitals has been withheld until 2018. This shows that healthcare policies respond to current trends in health provision in France.Convergence and Path DependenceStarke et al. (2008) explain that history and institutional context all play a role in influencing healthcare policies in a welfare state. Healthcare policies that tend to be resistant to change illustrate institutionalist or path dependence.In the event where changes are needed, those that follow path dependence change their policies but do so within the boundaries set in the original healthcare policies. On the other hand, healthcare policies that follow the carrefour pathway or functionalist perspective tend to integrate best practices and are more responsive to social, policy-making and economic changes.Healthcare policies in France and the US tend to follow the convergence pathway. The historical context of France reveals that a unitary presidential democracy was established in 1958 (Cases, 2006). In this system, the central government retains sovereignty and policies apply in local or regional levels are approved by the central government. Despite the practice of central dirigisme, many an(prenominal) regions in France have practiced coordination and decenstralisation. Political parties elected to the French government all have a common goal in financing the healt hcare system in France. It practices cost-containment by regulating healthcare costs, reducing healthcare demands and restricting healthcare coverage (Chevreul and Durand-Zaleski, 2009). All these cost-containment policies have largely been met with public discontent. In recent years, the introduction of Supplementary Health Insurance enabled the French government to still deliver quality care at reasonable cost. Further, the introduction of direct payment, although reimbursable, also discourages wasteful role of healthcare (Chevreul and Durand-Zaleski, 2009).Although changes in healthcare policies tend to be restrictive more than three decades ago, France is now pickings the convergence pathway in its healthcare system. This suggests that healthcare policies are more responsive to social and economic changes. France also regards its people as equal but retain their freedom to choose a healthcare provider and hospital. The manner of healthcare financing in France allows service us ers to choose from competing healthcare professionals. Service users could also access specialists due to little gatekeeping in the country (Naiditch and Dourgnon, 2009). All these changes in the Frances healthcare system reflect convergence rather than path dependence.Convergence in healthcare is also shown in both countries through its policies on increasing personal contributions of service users for healthcare (Mossialos and Thomson, 2004). There is also an increasing reliance on private health insurers to bridge the transgress in public healthcare delivery. The increasing public-private mix exemplifies convergence. There is also a trend towards community healthcare and decentralisation of healthcare (Baldock, 2011 Chevreul et al., 2010 fair and Burau, 2007). This trend relies on community healthcare practitioners to provide care in home or community settings. This has been practiced in other developed countries where patients with chronic conditions receive care in their own homes (Chevreau et al., 2010). This approach is also applied when caring for the elderly. Similar to other Welfare states, the US and France are experiencing population ageing. The proportion of the elderly in both countries is expected to rise in the succeeding years (Chevreau et al., 2010). As mentioned earlier, this translates to increases in health expenditures and cost for this group. Marked increases in health expenditures for this group would mean further reduction on public spending or cost containment. All these could have an impact on public spending in the future and might increase insurance premiums of individuals.There is also the possibility of raising SHI contributions in France or reducing healthcare coverage of Medicaid in the US. Both strategies could fuel public discontent, increase the gap between the rich and the poor and promote health inequalities (OECD, 2008 Starke et al., 2008 Stanton, 2006). Since the main aim of the policies in both countries is to achiev e optimal health for all, the realisation of this aim might be compromised with an ageing society. It is also noteworthy that since public funds are bankrolled by taxes, increasing spot of elderly could mean reduction in number of employees who are economically productive. This could also lead to lower tax collections and decreased public funding for healthcare. As shown in both countries, healthcare policies are becoming more responsive to the social and economic changes. This does not only suggest a direction towards convergence but suggests that this pathway could be the norm for many OECD countries.ConclusionHealthcare policies in the US and France have been influenced by social and economic changes in recent years. Although both aim to achieve universal coverage, it is only France that has achieved this with almost 100% of its citizens covered with healthcare insurance. The US is struggling to meet the healthcare needs of its citizens with almost 46 million still uninsured. It s Obamacare is still met with reproach for its failure to provide public healthcare coverage for most of its citizens. Only the poor and those unable to afford basic healthcare services are covered under Medicaid. In Obamacare, those with marginal incomes could purchase federal-subsidised healthcare insurances. Both countries are also faced with the challenge of an ageing society. The inequitable allocation of healthcare services to this group also promotes social discontent. Almost half of public expenditure is channeled to the elderly, which only comprises 13% of the whole population. The heightened demand for elderly care, lowered public expenditure on healthcare and increasing healthcare costs have all influenced healthcare policies in the US and France. Finally, the recent changes in the healthcare policies of this country suggest convergence rather than path dependence suggesting that healthcare policies continue to be influenced by social and economic changes in both countri es. It is recommended that future research should be done on how convergence helps both countries respond to increasing complexities of healthcare in both countries.ReferencesBaldock, J. (2011). Social policy, social welfare and the welfare state. Oxford Oxford University Press.Blank, R. & Burau, V. (2007). Comparative health policy. capital of the United Kingdom Palgrave.Cases, C. (2006). French health system reform recent implementation and future challenge. Eurohealth, 12, pp. 10-11.Cases, C. & Le Fur, P. (2008). The pharmaceutical file, Health Policy Monitort, May Online. unattached from http//www.hpm.org/survey/fr/all/2 (Accessed twenty-seventh April, 2014).Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). 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