Identity Thesis Essay

Over the course of history, different theories have been formulated to help apologise the complex relationship between the mind and the body. One of the theories elucidating the mind-body relation is dualismthe view that cordial states atomic number 18 separatist from carnal states. Mental states are ones of thinking, feeling, and believing whereas corporeal states are those outlined by physical and biological sciences. In contrast to dualism, philistinism insists that mental states are roughhow physical states.The most straightforward displacement of materialism is the individuation thesisthe theory that every type of mental state is identical to somewhat type of physical state (Reasons and Responsibility, 285-286). Dualists and physicalists have disputed over the validity of the identity thesis dualists denying its state and physicalists defending it. The biggest problem facing physicalists and the identity thesis is the concept of qualia, the phenomenal quality of a mental state (Reasons and Responsibility, 281).Philosopher Frank capital of Mississippi offers what he c boths the Knowledge Argument for qualia. Jacksons familiarity business presents that nonphysical facts prat be devised from facts about phenomenal quality. Through the concept of qualia, Jacksons knowledge argument shows that the identity thesis is false. The identity thesis holds that mental events are simply identical with humor processesidentical in the same manner that sounds are identical with density waves in the air.The thesis bases on the view that mental states of thought, sensation, and awareness are alike those of physical states (such as those of the brain and central tense system). An example of identity thesis is that lightning and an electric charge are 2 of the same thing. In other(a) words, lightning is an electric charge. An advocate of the identity thesis is materialist Peter Carruthers. Carruthers argues that everything (including mental states) exists through physical causes.Carruthers argument for the identity thesis can be summarized from the beliefs that some conscious states and events are casu in ally necessary for the occurrence of some physical ones, and that on that point will be no need to advert to anything other than physical-physical causality in a completed neuro-physiological science. Thus, some conscious states and events are identical with physical brain states and events (Reason and Responsibility, 301-302). However, the concept of qualia refutes the idea of physicalism, and is the foundation of Jacksons knowledge argument against identity thesis.As a believer of dualism, Jackson uses the concept of qualia to support that the mind and matter are distinct and independent substances capable of existing without the other. Qualia are the subjective, felt qualities of experiences. For example, one may know all the physical properties of the color red and the physics nookie why some things are red however it is quali a that allows one to experience what it is like to truly go over red. Jackson constructs his knowledge argument around the ideas of dualism and qualia.To further illustrate Jacksons argument for qualia (and dualism), the grapheme of Fred and his unique color vision will be presented (Reasons and Responsibility, 298-299). For some reason, Fred has the ability to see twain colors where others only see one. His retina is capable of distinguishing between two wavelengths of red in which others familiarizes with only one. He tries to condone the difference between the two reds. However he fails in doing so because others do not seize the difference.Therefore it is concluded that Fred can visually see one more color than everyone else. Despite having all the physical information about Fred and his special trait, one cannot know what it actually feels like to see two different types of red. Thus, Jackson believes that the physicalist left something out in the theory of physicalismthe qualia or what it feels like to actually experience something. Consequently, quale explains how dualism is valid and physicalism is incomplete.The existence of knowledge through qualia (mental state) and that of physical facts (physical state) demonstrates the idea of dualismthe view that two fundamental concepts exist. Jacksons knowledge argument derives mainly from his thought experiment of bloody shame the superior scientist who has spent her life confined within a black-and-white room and has never seen colors. Mary learns all the physical facts relevant to the mind. She becomes an expert on the neurophysiology of vision and knows all there is to know about color. When Mary is released from her room, she experiences color for the first time.One would think intuitively that her color experiences provide her with knowledge she previously lacked, and that what she learns includes certain(a) facts about what color experiences are like. The facts she learns upon her release cannot be physical facts because she already k impudently all physical facts in front leaving the room. Therefore, the new knowledge comes from the concept of qualia, which indicates that not all facts are physical facts (Reason and Responsibility, 298-299). Thus physicalism is false. Jackson reaches his conclusion that the identity thesis is false by proving that mental states are not physical states.According to the identity thesis, states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain. The concept of qualia refutes the validity of the identity thesis by presenting subjective forms of experiences. The knowledge acquired from subjective forms of experiences differs from those of physical knowledge about experiences. Since physicalism requires that all aspects of knowledge are the same, physicalism cannot be sound. Thus the identity thesis must be false. The cases of Fred and Mary show that physicalism doesnt amount to all knowledge.The summation of Jacksons knowledge argument can be illustrated by the following before Mary leaves the room, she knows all the physical facts about color experiences. When Mary leaves the room, she learns new facts about color experiencesfacts about what its like to see in color. Therefore, there are nonphysical facts about color experiences. Furthermore, the identity thesis is false because Jacksons knowledge argument reveals that there is something about the experience of color (in Marys case) that cannot be captured by the physicalist view.So, physicalism is incomplete. Physicalism lacks the phenomenal quality of the mental statethe ability to experience something regardless of physical knowledge. Qualia and the mental experience can never be achieved from the premises of physicalism and the identity thesis. Thus, the phenomenal quality of experiences cannot be accounted for through physical properties of the brain. In conclusion, the identity thesis is false because nonphysical properties, like phenome nal properties, exist.